###
◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ³⁹ ◊ᵃˡˡᵉ
Welcome to Lesson 39 of the Dutch course from the Latinum Institute. This lesson focuses on the English determiner “all” and the family of Dutch words that render it: al, alle, alles and allemaal.
What does “all” mean in Dutch?
English uses one word for the whole range of totality — all people, all the water, all of them, that is all. Dutch distributes this across four forms, and the choice is governed by what follows. Alle stands directly before a plural noun. Al is used when an article or possessive intervenes: al de mensen, al het water, al mijn vrienden. Alles is a pronoun meaning “everything,” referring to things. Allemaal refers to people or countable things and follows the element it quantifies.
There is also a trap worth naming at once. The word al is a homograph: besides meaning “all,” it is the extremely common adverb meaning “already.” Ik heb al gegeten means “I have already eaten,” and has nothing to do with totality. Context and position separate them reliably, but the beginner should expect the collision.
Course Index:
https://latinum.substack.com/p/index
Key Takeaways: -
Alle + plural noun directly: alle kinderen, alle dagen -
Al before an article or possessive: al het water, al mijn vrienden -
Alles = everything (things); allen = all (people, formal) -
Allemaal follows what it quantifies: wij komen allemaal -
Heel/hele = whole, not all: de hele dag (the whole day) vs alle dagen (every day) -
Beware: al is also the adverb “already”
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
al /ɑl/ - Short open vowel, one syllable. The ‘l’ is dark, formed further back in the mouth than the English ‘l’ in “all”.
alle /ˈɑ.lə/ - Two syllables, stress on the first. The final ‘-e’ is a schwa, never a full vowel.
alles /ˈɑ.ləs/ - Distinguished from alle only by the final /s/. In rapid speech this is the sole audible difference, so listen for it.
allemaal /ˈɑ.lə.maːl/ - Three syllables, main stress on the first, with a long ‘aa’ in the final syllable.
allen /ˈɑ.lən/ - The formal plural for persons. As usual the final ‘n’ commonly drops in speech: /ˈɑ.lə/, which makes it homophonous with alle.
helemaal /ˈheː.lə.maːl/ - Completely, entirely. Built on heel, not on al, and worth learning alongside allemaal to keep the two apart.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
39.1 Alle (ˈɑ.lə) all kinderen (ˈkɪn.də.rən) children slapen (ˈslaː.pən) sleep
39.2 Ik (ɪk) I weet (ʋeːt) know alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything
39.3 Wij (ʋɛi) we komen (ˈkoː.mən) come allemaal (ˈɑ.lə.maːl) all
39.4 Al (ɑl) all het (ət) the water (ˈʋaː.tər) water is (ɪs) is weg (ʋɛx) gone
39.5 Alle (ˈɑ.lə) all dagen (ˈdaː.ɣən) days regent (ˈreː.ɣənt) rains het (ət) it
39.6 Zij (zɛi) they hebben (ˈhɛ.bən) have alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything gezien (ɣəˈzin) seen-PART
39.7 Al (ɑl) all mijn (mɛin) my vrienden (ˈvrin.dən) friends wonen (ˈʋoː.nən) live in (ɪn) in Utrecht (ˈy.trɛxt) Utrecht
39.8 Dat (dɑt) that is (ɪs) is alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything
39.9 De (də) the kinderen (ˈkɪn.də.rən) children waren (ˈʋaː.rən) were allemaal (ˈɑ.lə.maːl) all moe (mu) tired
39.10 Alle (ˈɑ.lə) all begin (bəˈɣɪn) beginning is (ɪs) is moeilijk (ˈmui.lək) difficult
39.11 Hij (hɛi) he heeft (heːft) has al (ɑl) all zijn (zɛin) his geld (ɣɛlt) money verloren (vərˈloː.rən) lost-PART
39.12 Niet (nit) not alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything wat (ʋɑt) what blinkt (blɪŋkt) glitters is (ɪs) is goud (ɣʌut) gold
39.13 Wij (ʋɛi) we hebben (ˈhɛ.bən) have er (ər) it allemaal (ˈɑ.lə.maːl) all over (ˈoː.vər) about gesproken (ɣəˈsproː.kən) spoken-PART
39.14 Zij (zɛi) she zou (zʌu) would alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything voor (voːr) for hem (hɛm) him doen (dun) do
39.15 In (ɪn) in alle (ˈɑ.lə) all steden (ˈsteː.dən) cities van (vɑn) of het (ət) the land (lɑnt) country werd (ʋɛrt) became er (ər) there gedanst (ɣəˈdɑnst) danced-PART
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
39.1 Alle kinderen slapen. → “All the children are asleep.”
39.2 Ik weet alles. → “I know everything.”
39.3 Wij komen allemaal. → “We are all coming.”
39.4 Al het water is weg. → “All the water is gone.”
39.5 Alle dagen regent het. → “It rains every day.”
39.6 Zij hebben alles gezien. → “They have seen everything.”
39.7 Al mijn vrienden wonen in Utrecht. → “All my friends live in Utrecht.”
39.8 Dat is alles. → “That's all.”
39.9 De kinderen waren allemaal moe. → “The children were all tired.”
39.10 Alle begin is moeilijk. → “All beginnings are difficult.” (proverb)
39.11 Hij heeft al zijn geld verloren. → “He has lost all his money.”
39.12 Niet alles wat blinkt is goud. → “Not all that glitters is gold.”
39.13 Wij hebben er allemaal over gesproken. → “We all talked about it.”
39.14 Zij zou alles voor hem doen. → “She would do anything for him.”
39.15 In alle steden van het land werd er gedanst. → “In all the cities of the country there was dancing.”
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
39.1 Alle kinderen slapen.
39.2 Ik weet alles.
39.3 Wij komen allemaal.
39.4 Al het water is weg.
39.5 Alle dagen regent het.
39.6 Zij hebben alles gezien.
39.7 Al mijn vrienden wonen in Utrecht.
39.8 Dat is alles.
39.9 De kinderen waren allemaal moe.
39.10 Alle begin is moeilijk.
39.11 Hij heeft al zijn geld verloren.
39.12 Niet alles wat blinkt is goud.
39.13 Wij hebben er allemaal over gesproken.
39.14 Zij zou alles voor hem doen.
39.15 In alle steden van het land werd er gedanst.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Grammar Rules for “all” in Dutch:
The Governing Principle:
Which form you use depends entirely on what comes next. Learn the four environments and the system becomes mechanical.
1. Alle + plural noun (nothing between)
When the noun follows immediately, with no article or possessive, use alle: -
alle kinderen (all children / all the children) -
alle dagen (every day) -
alle steden (all cities)
Alle also appears before singular abstract or mass nouns in fixed and proverbial expressions: alle begin is moeilijk (all beginnings are difficult).
2. Al + article or possessive + noun
When a determiner intervenes, the form shortens to al and does not inflect: -
al het water (all the water) -
al de mensen (all the people) -
al mijn vrienden (all my friends) -
al zijn geld (all his money)
Note the pattern: al het for neuter mass nouns, al de for common-gender and plural. A learner who says *alle het water has simply chosen the wrong environment.
3. Alles — the pronoun for things
Alles means “everything” and stands alone, replacing a noun rather than modifying one: -
Ik weet alles (I know everything) -
Dat is alles (That's all) -
Alles is klaar (Everything is ready)
Alles refers to things and abstractions, never to people.
4. Allemaal and allen — for people and countables
For persons, formal and literary Dutch uses allen, while ordinary spoken Dutch uses allemaal: -
Allen waren aanwezig (All were present — formal, written) -
Ze waren allemaal aanwezig (They were all there — normal speech)
The crucial point about allemaal is its position: it follows the element it quantifies rather than preceding it, like English “all” in “we all came”: -
Wij komen allemaal (We are all coming) -
De kinderen waren allemaal moe (The children were all tired)
Allemaal may also quantify things when they are countable and already identified: Ik heb ze allemaal gelezen (I have read them all).
Al Versus Heel — “all” Versus “whole”
This distinction has no counterpart in English usage and causes persistent trouble: -
de hele dag (the whole day — one continuous stretch) -
alle dagen (every day — a repeated set) -
het hele boek (the whole book) -
alle boeken (all the books)
Heel inflects like an ordinary adjective (heel, hele, het hele); al does not.
The Homograph Trap: Al = “Already”
Al is also one of the commonest adverbs in Dutch, meaning “already”: -
Ik heb al gegeten (I have already eaten) -
Is hij er al? (Is he here yet?)
The two are distinguished by position and company. Quantifying al leans on a following noun phrase (al het water); adverbial al sits in the verbal middle field with no noun depending on it. In the sentence Hij heeft al zijn geld verloren, the reading is “all his money” because al attaches to zijn geld — but Hij heeft al gegeten can only be “already.”
Common Mistakes to Avoid: -
Using alle before an article: ✗ “alle het water” → ✓ “al het water” -
Using alles for people: ✗ “Alles was aanwezig” → ✓ “Allen/Ze waren allemaal aanwezig” -
Putting allemaal before the noun: ✗ “Allemaal wij komen” → ✓ “Wij komen allemaal” -
Confusing whole and all: ✗ “alle dag” for “the whole day” → ✓ “de hele dag” -
Inflecting al: there is no form alle het or allen het before articles
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Allemaal and Dutch Egalitarianism:
Allemaal is one of the most frequently heard words in Dutch social life, and it carries a faint but real cultural charge. Doe maar gewoon, dan doe je al gek genoeg — “just act normal, that's odd enough already” — is the proverbial expression of Dutch levelling, and allemaal belongs to the same instinct. We doen het allemaal samen (we all do it together) and We zijn allemaal gelijk (we are all equal) are unremarkable sentences that would sound faintly programmatic in English.
Note that this very proverb contains the adverbial al, not the quantifier: gek genoeg al means “odd enough already.”
The Market Cry:
Anyone who has stood on a Dutch market square has heard alles used as a sales formula: Alles moet weg! (Everything must go), Alles voor een euro! (Everything for a euro). The bare pronoun, shouted without a noun, is the standard idiom of the end-of-day stall.
Formal Allen in Public Language:
Allen survives chiefly in formal registers — church liturgy, official addresses, printed invitations. Allen die hier aanwezig zijn (all who are present here) belongs to a ceremonial level that ordinary speech has abandoned in favour of iedereen (everyone) or allemaal. Reading nineteenth-century prose, however, you will meet allen constantly where a modern writer would not use it.
Regional Notes:
Belgian Dutch retains allen somewhat more readily in written and semi-formal contexts than the Netherlands, and Flemish speakers may use al de where northern speakers prefer alle. Neither is incorrect; both are understood everywhere.
Common Expressions with Al and Alles: -
“Alles goed?” - Everything all right? (the standard casual greeting) -
“Alles kits” - All fine (informal, slightly dated) -
“Alles op zijn tijd” - Everything in its own time -
“Al met al” - All in all, taken together -
“Van alles en nog wat” - All sorts of things -
“Alle begin is moeilijk” - Every beginning is difficult
Reminder: This lesson is designed for English speakers learning Dutch.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
From Frederik van Eeden, De kleine Johannes (1887). A symbolist fairy tale about a boy who follows the elf Windekind out of the human world and into the world of animals and plants. Here Johannes is offered the chance to prove his devotion, and must weigh it against everything he would leave behind — his little room, his dog Presto, and his father.
Nu kon hij toonen, hoeveel hij van Windekind hield. Ja! hij wilde allen en alles voor hem verlaten en vergeten. Zijn kamertje, Presto en zijn vader. Vol vreugde en vastberaden herhaalde hij zijn wensch.
F-A: Interlinear Analysis
Nu (ny) now kon (kɔn) could hij (hɛi) he toonen (ˈtoː.nən) show hoeveel (huˈveːl) how-much hij (hɛi) he van (vɑn) of Windekind (ˈʋɪn.də.kɪnt) Windekind hield (hilt) loved Ja (jaː) yes hij (hɛi) he wilde (ˈʋɪl.də) wanted allen (ˈɑ.lən) all-PERSONS en (ɛn) and alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything voor (voːr) for hem (hɛm) him verlaten (vərˈlaː.tən) leave en (ɛn) and vergeten (vərˈɣeː.tən) forget Zijn (zɛin) his kamertje (ˈkaː.mər.tjə) little-room Presto (ˈprɛs.toː) Presto en (ɛn) and zijn (zɛin) his vader (ˈvaː.dər) father Vol (vɔl) full vreugde (ˈvrøːɣ.də) joy en (ɛn) and vastberaden (ˌvɑst.bəˈraː.dən) resolute herhaalde (hɛrˈhaːl.də) repeated hij (hɛi) he zijn (zɛin) his wensch (ʋɛns) wish
F-B: Natural Text with Translation
Nu kon hij toonen, hoeveel hij van Windekind hield. Ja! hij wilde allen en alles voor hem verlaten en vergeten. Zijn kamertje, Presto en zijn vader. Vol vreugde en vastberaden herhaalde hij zijn wensch. → “Now he could show how much he loved Windekind. Yes! he was willing to leave and forget everyone and everything for him. His little room, Presto and his father. Full of joy and resolute, he repeated his wish.”
F-C: Original Dutch Text
Nu kon hij toonen, hoeveel hij van Windekind hield. Ja! hij wilde allen en alles voor hem verlaten en vergeten. Zijn kamertje, Presto en zijn vader. Vol vreugde en vastberaden herhaalde hij zijn wensch.
F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Notes
The phrase allen en alles is the reason this passage was chosen: it sets the two pronouns of totality directly against each other in a single breath. Allen covers persons, alles covers things, and Dutch keeps them rigorously apart where English collapses both into “everyone and everything.” Van Eeden is not being decorative here — the pairing is the only way Dutch can express an exhaustive renunciation covering both people and objects, and the list that follows makes the division concrete: Presto and his father are among the allen, the little room among the alles.
Note that allen appears here in its full literary form. A modern writer would very likely have written iedereen en alles, since allen has retreated into formal registers over the intervening century.
The verb pair verlaten en vergeten shares a single object, allen en alles, with both infinitives held to the end of the clause after the modal wilde — the verb-final pattern established in Lesson 37.
Two nineteenth-century spellings appear: toonen and wensch, which modern Dutch writes tonen and wens. The ‑sch ending, silent in speech even then, was abolished in the 1947 reform.
F-E: Literary Commentary
De kleine Johannes was published when van Eeden was twenty-seven and became the most widely read Dutch symbolist work of its generation. The book turns on exactly the exchange dramatised here: the child's willingness to trade the whole human world for the enchanted one, and the slow discovery that the bargain cannot be kept. Placing allen en alles at the hinge is deliberate — Johannes renounces totality with a totalising phrase, and the three homely nouns that follow, a small room, a dog, a father, quietly measure what that abstraction actually costs.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Part A: Interlinear Construed Text
39.16 Elke (ˈɛl.kə) every zaterdag (ˈzaː.tər.dɑx) Saturday is (ɪs) is er (ər) there markt (mɑrkt) market op (ɔp) on het (ət) the plein (plɛin) square
39.17 Alle (ˈɑ.lə) all kramen (ˈkraː.mən) stalls staan (staːn) stand al (ɑl) already vroeg (vrux) early klaar (klaːr) ready
39.18 Er (ər) there is (ɪs) is van (vɑn) of alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything te (tə) to koop (koːp) buy
39.19 Alle (ˈɑ.lə) all groenten (ˈɣrun.tən) vegetables liggen (ˈlɪ.ɣən) lie in (ɪn) in houten (ˈhʌu.tən) wooden kisten (ˈkɪs.tən) crates
39.20 De (də) the visboer (ˈvɪs.bur) fishmonger verkoopt (vərˈkoːpt) sells alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything wat (ʋɑt) what uit (œyt) from de (də) the zee (zeː) sea komt (kɔmt) comes
39.21 Al (ɑl) all het (ət) the brood (broːt) bread is (ɪs) is die (di) that ochtend (ˈɔx.tənt) morning gebakken (ɣəˈbɑ.kən) baked-PART
39.22 Alle (ˈɑ.lə) all bloemen (ˈblu.mən) flowers komen (ˈkoː.mən) come uit (œyt) from de (də) the kassen (ˈkɑ.sən) greenhouses bij (bɛi) near Aalsmeer (ˈaːls.meːr) Aalsmeer
39.23 De (də) the kinderen (ˈkɪn.də.rən) children krijgen (ˈkrɛi.ɣən) get allemaal (ˈɑ.lə.maːl) all een (ən) a stukje (ˈstʏk.jə) small-piece kaas (kaːs) cheese
39.24 Niet (nit) not alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything is (ɪs) is even (ˈeː.vən) equally goedkoop (ɣutˈkoːp) cheap
39.25 Toch (tɔx) yet kopen (ˈkoː.pən) buy de (də) the mensen (ˈmɛn.sən) people er (ər) there bijna (ˈbɛi.naː) almost alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything
39.26 Om (ɔm) at vier (vir) four uur (yr) hour is (ɪs) is alle (ˈɑ.lə) all vis (vɪs) fish verkocht (vərˈkɔxt) sold-PART
39.27 De (də) the kooplui (ˈkoːp.lœy) traders ruimen (ˈrœy.mən) clear alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything weer (ʋeːr) again op (ɔp) up
39.28 Al (ɑl) all het (ət) the afval (ˈɑf.vɑl) waste gaat (ɣaːt) goes in (ɪn) in grote (ˈɣroː.tə) large containers (kɔnˈteː.nərs) containers
39.29 Tegen (ˈteː.ɣən) towards vijven (ˈvɛi.vən) five is (ɪs) is het (ət) the plein (plɛin) square weer (ʋeːr) again helemaal (ˈheː.lə.maːl) completely leeg (leːx) empty
39.30 En (ɛn) and volgende (ˈvɔl.ɣən.də) next week (ʋeːk) week begint (bəˈɣɪnt) begins alles (ˈɑ.ləs) everything opnieuw (ɔpˈniʋ) anew
Part B: Natural Sentences
39.16 Elke zaterdag is er markt op het plein. → “Every Saturday there is a market on the square.”
39.17 Alle kramen staan al vroeg klaar. → “All the stalls are ready early.”
39.18 Er is van alles te koop. → “There are all sorts of things for sale.”
39.19 Alle groenten liggen in houten kisten. → “All the vegetables lie in wooden crates.”
39.20 De visboer verkoopt alles wat uit de zee komt. → “The fishmonger sells everything that comes out of the sea.”
39.21 Al het brood is die ochtend gebakken. → “All the bread was baked that morning.”
39.22 Alle bloemen komen uit de kassen bij Aalsmeer. → “All the flowers come from the greenhouses near Aalsmeer.”
39.23 De kinderen krijgen allemaal een stukje kaas. → “The children all get a small piece of cheese.”
39.24 Niet alles is even goedkoop. → “Not everything is equally cheap.”
39.25 Toch kopen de mensen er bijna alles. → “All the same, people buy almost everything there.”
39.26 Om vier uur is alle vis verkocht. → “By four o'clock all the fish is sold.”
39.27 De kooplui ruimen alles weer op. → “The traders clear everything away again.”
39.28 Al het afval gaat in grote containers. → “All the waste goes into large containers.”
39.29 Tegen vijven is het plein weer helemaal leeg. → “By around five the square is completely empty again.”
39.30 En volgende week begint alles opnieuw. → “And next week everything begins again.”
Part C: Target Language Only
39.16 Elke zaterdag is er markt op het plein.
39.17 Alle kramen staan al vroeg klaar.
39.18 Er is van alles te koop.
39.19 Alle groenten liggen in houten kisten.
39.20 De visboer verkoopt alles wat uit de zee komt.
39.21 Al het brood is die ochtend gebakken.
39.22 Alle bloemen komen uit de kassen bij Aalsmeer.
39.23 De kinderen krijgen allemaal een stukje kaas.
39.24 Niet alles is even goedkoop.
39.25 Toch kopen de mensen er bijna alles.
39.26 Om vier uur is alle vis verkocht.
39.27 De kooplui ruimen alles weer op.
39.28 Al het afval gaat in grote containers.
39.29 Tegen vijven is het plein weer helemaal leeg.
39.30 En volgende week begint alles opnieuw.
Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section
This description was built so that each form of totality appears in its proper environment:
Alle + Plural Noun: 39.17, 39.19 and 39.22 give alle kramen, alle groenten, alle bloemen — the bare plural, no article intervening.
Al + Article: 39.21 and 39.28 give al het brood and al het afval, both neuter mass nouns taking al het. Compare 39.26, alle vis: vis here is treated as a countable stock rather than an undifferentiated mass, which is why alle rather than al de appears.
Alles as Pronoun: 39.18, 39.20, 39.24, 39.25, 39.27 and 39.30 all use the free-standing pronoun. Note 39.18, van alles, an idiom meaning “all sorts of things” rather than literally “of everything.”
Allemaal in Position: 39.23 places allemaal after the verb and subject, quantifying de kinderen from behind — the position English mirrors in “the children all get.”
The Homograph in Use: 39.17 contains al meaning “already” (staan al vroeg klaar), sitting three words away from alle meaning “all.” This is exactly the collision described in Section D, and reading the line aloud is the best way to feel how position disambiguates them.
Helemaal Versus Allemaal: 39.29 uses helemaal (completely) of the empty square. Substituting allemaal would be ungrammatical, since the square is one thing, not a set.
Recycled Structures: 39.16, 39.18 and 39.25 all carry the er of Lesson 38 — existential in the first two, locative in the third.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
Key Sounds in This Lesson:
The dark ‘l’: Dutch ‘l’ after a vowel, as in al, alle, veel, is velarised — pronounced with the back of the tongue raised, closer to the ‘l’ of English “full” than that of “light.” English speakers who use a clear ‘l’ here sound noticeably foreign.
Minimal pair alle /ˈɑ.lə/ versus alles /ˈɑ.ləs/: The only difference is the final /s/. Since both are extremely common and occupy different grammatical slots, mishearing one for the other will derail a sentence. Practise them in pairs.
The ‘ui’ /œy/ again: In kooplui and ruimen, and in the diminutive stukje the ‘u’ is instead short /ʏ/. Dutch spelling gives the same letter several values, and the surrounding consonants are the guide.
Diminutives in ‑je: kamertje, stukje. The diminutive is enormously productive in Dutch and always takes neuter gender: het stukje, regardless of the base noun's gender.
Nineteenth-Century Spellings: The van Eeden passage has toonen and wensch for modern tonen and wens. The doubled vowel in an open syllable and the silent ‑sch were both removed by twentieth-century reform, but the pronunciation is unchanged.
Audio Practice Suggestion: Dutch market recordings and supermarket advertising are saturated with this vocabulary — alles moet weg, alle groenten, van alles. Listening for the alle/alles contrast in shouted speech is excellent ear training precisely because the conditions are difficult.
✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾
◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ³⁹ ◊ᵃˡˡᵉ ◊ᶜᵒᵐᵖˡᵉᵗᵉ
---