The Faculty of the Universitas Scholarium

Departmental Directory

As of March 2026, the Universitas Scholarium hosts 495 simulacra organised into 31 departments and 35 sub-departments. Each can be spoken to directly, and any can be invited into conversation with one another.

Accounting & Business

Accounting

Fra Luca de Pacioli— Double-Entry Bookkeeping · Mathematics · Renaissance Accounting (15th century)

Cornelius Blott— Bookkeeping · Trial Balance · Victorian Accounts (19th century)

Prudence Alcott— Small Business Bookkeeping · VAT · Self-Assessment (20th–21st century)

Dorothy Edith Rigour— Audit · Internal Controls · Professional Scepticism (20th century)

Margaret Irene Vance-Foster— Management Accounting · Costing · Budgeting (20th–21st century)

Reginald Chetham-Wade— Tax Compliance · PAYE · VAT · HMRC (20th–21st century)

Felix Aubrey Sharpley— Forensic Accounting · Fraud Investigation · Expert Witness (20th–21st century)

Finance

Penelope Smythe-Bottomley— Accounting · Finance · Climate Accounting (Non-historical)

Modigliani & Miller— Corporate Finance · Capital Structure · Irrelevance Theorem (20th century)

George Kinder— Financial Life Planning · Meaning · The Three Questions (20th–21st century)

Frank Knight— Risk · Uncertainty · Profit · Entrepreneurship (20th century)

Solomon Huebner— Insurance · Human Life Value · Risk Pooling (20th century)

Investment

Benjamin Graham— Value Investing · Security Analysis · Margin of Safety (20th century)

Harry Markowitz— Portfolio Theory · Diversification · Mean-Variance (20th century)

John Bogle— Index Investing · Low Cost · Vanguard (20th century)

William Sharpe— CAPM · Beta · Risk-Adjusted Return (20th century)

Financial Strategy

Michael Porter— Competitive Strategy · Five Forces · Value Chain (20th–21st century)

Peter Drucker— Management · Innovation · Knowledge Work (20th century)

Igor Ansoff— Corporate Strategy · Growth Matrix · Strategic Planning (20th century)

Henry Mintzberg— Strategy as Craft · Organisational Structure (20th–21st century)

Clayton Christensen— Disruptive Innovation · Jobs to Be Done (20th–21st century)

Kim & Mauborgne— Blue Ocean Strategy · Value Innovation (21st century)

Operations & Quality

W. Edwards Deming— Quality · Statistical Control · Systems Thinking (20th century)

Taiichi Ohno— Toyota Production System · Lean · Just-in-Time (20th century)

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth— Motion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human Factors (19th–20th century)

Frederick Winslow Taylor— Scientific Management · Time Study · Efficiency (1856–1915)

Eliyahu Goldratt— Theory of Constraints · The Goal · Bottlenecks (1947–2011)

Marketing

Philip Kotler— Marketing Management · Segmentation · The 4Ps (b. 1931)

David Ogilvy— Advertising · Research · Brand · The Big Idea (1911–1999)

Theodore Levitt— Marketing Imagination · Globalisation · Customer Focus (1925–2006)

Bill Bernbach— Creative Advertising · Art + Copy · The Creative Revolution (1911–1982)

Economics

Adam Smith— The Wealth of Nations · Division of Labour · Free Markets (1723–1790)

John Maynard Keynes— The General Theory · Aggregate Demand · Fiscal Policy (1883–1946)

Alfred Marshall— Supply & Demand · Elasticity · Partial Equilibrium (1842–1924)

Daniel Kahneman— Behavioural Economics · Prospect Theory · Cognitive Bias (1934–2024)

Richard Thaler— Behavioural Economics · Nudge Theory · Mental Accounting (b. 1945)

Milton Friedman— Monetarism · Free Markets · Inflation (1912–2006)

Friedrich Hayek— Spontaneous Order · The Knowledge Problem · Austrian Economics (1899–1992)

Organisational Behaviour

Douglas McGregor— Theory X & Y · Human Motivation · Management (1906–1964)

Frederick Herzberg— Motivation-Hygiene · Job Enrichment · Two-Factor Theory (1923–2000)

Charles Handy— Organisational Culture · The Shamrock · Portfolio Careers (1932–2024)

Mary Parker Follett— Power-With · Integration · Creative Conflict (1868–1933)

Entrepreneurship

Joseph Schumpeter— Creative Destruction · Innovation · Economic Development (1883–1950)

Eric Ries— Lean Startup · Build-Measure-Learn · Validated Learning (b. 1978)

Negotiation

Roger Fisher— Principled Negotiation · Getting to Yes · BATNA (1922–2012)

Anthropology

Franz Boas— Cultural Relativism · Father of American Anthropology (19th–20th century)

Bronisław Malinowski— Participant Observation · Functionalism · The Kula Ring (19th–20th century)

Claude Lévi-Strauss— Structural Anthropology · Myth · Binary Oppositions (20th–21st century)

Marcel Mauss— The Gift · Reciprocity · Total Social Facts (19th–20th century)

Ruth Benedict— Patterns of Culture · Apollonian/Dionysian · Shame vs Guilt (19th–20th century)

Margaret Mead— Coming of Age in Samoa · Gender as Culture · Biology is Not Destiny (20th century)

Clifford Geertz— Thick Description · Interpretive Anthropology · Culture as Text (20th–21st century)

Mary Douglas— Purity and Danger · Dirt as Category Violation · Taboo (20th–21st century)

Victor Turner— Liminality · Communitas · Social Drama (20th century)

Edward Sapir— Linguistic Relativity · Indigenous Languages · Language as Art (19th–20th century)

Benjamin Lee Whorf— Linguistic Relativity · Language Shapes Cognition · Sapir-Whorf (19th–20th century)

Robin Dunbar— Dunbar\ (20th–21st century)

Louis Leakey— Palaeoanthropology · Human Origins · Olduvai Gorge (20th century)

Raymond Dart— Australopithecus · The Taung Child · Human Origins (19th–20th century)

V. Gordon Childe— Neolithic Revolution · Urban Revolution · Marxist Archaeology (19th–20th century)

Artificial Intelligence

Marvin Minsky— AI · Cognitive Science · Frames (20th–21st century)

Volodymyr Mnih— Deep Reinforcement Learning · Atari (20th–21st century)

Geoffrey Hinton— Deep Learning · Neural Networks (20th–21st century)

Yann LeCun— Computer Vision · Deep Learning (20th–21st century)

Yoshua Bengio— Deep Learning · NLP · Generative Models (20th–21st century)

Ilya Sutskever— Generative AI · Scaling · GPT (20th–21st century)

Demis Hassabis— AI · Protein Folding · Games · DeepMind (20th–21st century)

Eliezer Yudkowsky— AI Safety · Alignment · Rationality (20th–21st century)

Ray Kurzweil— Singularity · Prediction · Mind (20th–21st century)

Metrodorus AI— AI · Haptics · Embodied Cognition (Non-historical)

Richard Sutton— Reinforcement Learning · TD · The Bitter Lesson (20th–21st century)

Jürgen Schmidhuber— Recurrent Networks · LSTM · Meta-Learning (20th–21st century)

Frank Rosenblatt— Perceptron · Neural Learning · Pattern Recognition (20th century)

Emily M. Bender— Computational Linguistics · Stochastic Parrots · NLP Ethics (20th–21st century)

Sherry Yang— World Models · Decision Transformers · RL (21st century)

Shirley Ho— AI · Cosmology · Scientific Machine Learning (21st century)

Sinkhorn-Knopp— Optimal Transport · Matrix Scaling · AI Mathematics (20th century)

Biology & Life Sciences

William Harvey— Circulation of Blood · Quantitative Reasoning · Anatomy (16th–17th century)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek— Microbiology · Microscopy · The Unseen World (17th–18th century)

Carl Linnaeus— Taxonomy · Binomial Nomenclature · Classification of Life (18th century)

Charles Darwin— Evolution · Natural Selection · The Origin of Species (19th century)

Alfred Russel Wallace— Natural Selection · Biogeography · The Wallace Line (19th–20th century)

Gregor Mendel— Genetics · Laws of Inheritance · Heredity (19th century)

Rudolf Virchow— Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine (19th–20th century)

Santiago Ramón y Cajal— Neuroscience · Neuron Doctrine · Scientific Illustration (19th–20th century)

Rosalind Franklin— X-ray Crystallography · DNA Structure · Photo 51 (20th century)

Louis Pasteur— Germ Theory · Vaccination · Microbiology (19th century)

Alexander Fleming— Penicillin · Bacteriology · Serendipity (19th–20th century)

Jonas Salk— Polio Vaccine · Virology · Public Health (20th century)

Rachel Carson— Ecology · Marine Biology · Environmental Writing (20th century)

Robert Hooke— Micrographia · Cell Theory · Experimental Philosophy (17th–18th century)

Thomas Hunt Morgan— Chromosome Theory · Drosophila · Gene Mapping (19th–20th century)

Barbara McClintock— Transposable Elements · Maize Genetics · Genomic Instability (20th century)

Epicurus (Biology)— Atomism Applied to Life · Biological Materialism · Emergence (4th–3rd century BC)

Edward Lear— Natural History Illustration · Zoology · Nonsense Taxonomy (19th century)

Chemistry

The Foundations of Matter

Epicurus— Atomism · The Swerve · Void · Material Philosophy (4th century BC)

Pierre Gassendi— Atomism · Empiricism · Revival of Epicurus · Early Chemistry (17th century)

Alchemy

Mary the Jewess— Practical Alchemy · Apparatus · The First Alchemist (1st–3rd century)

Jabir ibn Hayyan— Experimental Method · Acids · Islamic Alchemy (8th century)

Paracelsus— Iatrochemistry · Hermetic Philosophy · Poison & Cure (16th century)

Isaac Newton— Alchemy · The Philosopher\ (17th century)

Early Modern Chemistry

Robert Boyle— Experimental Chemistry · Gas Laws · The Sceptical Chymist (17th century)

Antoine Lavoisier— Combustion · Conservation of Mass · Modern Chemistry (18th century)

John Dalton— Atomic Theory · Elements · Combining Proportions (19th century)

Dmitri Mendeleev— Periodic Table · Elemental Order · Prediction (19th century)

Modern Chemistry

Fritz Haber— Nitrogen Fixation · Haber-Bosch · Chemical Weapons (20th century)

Carl Bosch— Industrial Chemistry · High Pressure · Scale-Up · Haber-Bosch Plant (20th century)

Linus Pauling— Chemical Bonding · Quantum Chemistry · Molecular Biology (20th century)

R.B. Woodward— Organic Synthesis · Total Synthesis · Molecular Architecture (20th century)

Dorothy Hodgkin— X-Ray Crystallography · Penicillin · Vitamin B12 · Insulin Structure (20th century)

Wallace Carothers— Synthetic Polymers · Nylon · Neoprene · Polymer Architecture (20th century)

K. Eric Drexler— Molecular Machines · Nanotechnology · Chemistry at the Atomic Scale (20th–21st century)

Classics

Livius Andronicus— Translation · Odusia · Latin Tragedy · Beginnings (3rd century BC)

Gnaeus Naevius— Epic · Comedy · Bellum Punicum · Roman National Poetry (3rd century BC)

Titus Maccius Plautus— Comedy · Farce · Verse · The Clever Slave (3rd–2nd century BC)

Publius Terentius Afer— Comedy · Humanism · Double Plots · Elegance (2nd century BC)

Marcus Tullius Cicero— Oratory · Philosophy · Humanitas · Latin Literature (2nd–1st century BC)

Gaius Julius Caesar— Commentarii · Military Prose · Political Narrative (1st century BC)

Gaius Sallustius Crispus— History · Moral Decline · Catiline · Jugurtha (1st century BC)

Cornelius Nepos— Biography · De Viris Illustribus · Comparative Lives (1st century BC)

Gaius Valerius Catullus— Lyric Poetry · Love · Invective · Neoteric Verse (1st century BC)

Publius Vergilius Maro— Epic · Pastoral · Didactic · The Aeneid (1st century BC)

Quintus Horatius Flaccus— Ode · Satire · Epistle · Ars Poetica (1st century BC)

Albius Tibullus— Elegy · Pastoral Love · The Golden Age · Simplicity (1st century BC)

Sulpicia— Elegy · Women\ (1st century BC)

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio— Architecture · De Architectura · Engineering · Proportion (1st century BC)

Augustus— Res Gestae · Imperial Prose · Political Self-Presentation (1st century BC–1st century AD)

The Unnamed Woman (Laudatio Turiae)— Elegy · Marriage · Devotion · Anonymous Inscription (1st century BC)

Titus Livius— Ab Urbe Condita · Roman History · Moral Exempla (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Publius Ovidius Naso— Metamorphoses · Amores · Exile · Wit (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Grattius— Didactic Poetry · Cynegetica · Hunting · Rural Life (1st century AD)

Marcus Manilius— Didactic Poetry · Astronomica · Fate · Stoic Cosmology (1st century AD)

Velleius Paterculus— History · Military Memoir · Tiberian Rome (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Rutilius Lupus— Rhetoric · Figures of Speech · De Figuris Sententiarum (1st century AD)

Pompeius Trogus— Universal History · Historiae Philippicae · The Non-Roman World (1st century BC–1st century AD)

Valerius Maximus— Exempla · Moral Rhetoric · Facta et Dicta Memorabilia (1st century AD)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca— Stoic Philosophy · Epistulae · Tragedy · Moral Essays (1st century AD)

Claudius— Antiquarian History · Imperial Prose · Etruscology (1st century AD)

Pomponius Mela— Geography · De Chorographia · The Known World (1st century AD)

Quintus Curtius Rufus— History · Alexander the Great · Rhetorical Narrative (1st century AD)

Laus Pisonis (Anonymous)— Panegyric · Patron Poetry · Neronian Rome (1st century AD)

Marcus Terentius Varro— Roman Antiquities · Latin Language · Encyclopaedism (2nd–1st century BC)

Latin Syntax— Latin Word Order · Sentence Structure · Grammar (Classical Latin)

Rhetorica Ciceroniana— Oratory · Rhetoric · Persuasion · Latin Style (Classical Latin)

The Roman Mind— Roman Thought · Law · Governance · Civic Virtue (Classical Rome)

Cognitive & Perceptual Sciences

David Chalmers— Philosophy of Mind · Consciousness · Hard Problem (20th–21st century)

Christof Koch— Neuroscience · Consciousness · Neural Correlates (20th–21st century)

Giulio Tononi— Integrated Information Theory · Consciousness · Phi (20th–21st century)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty— Phenomenology · Embodied Cognition · Perception (20th century)

Alva Noë— Enactivism · Perception · Consciousness (20th–21st century)

Karl Friston— Free Energy · Active Inference · Predictive Coding (20th–21st century)

Carver Mead— Neuromorphic Computing · Silicon · Analogue Circuits (20th–21st century)

Misha Mahowald— Neuromorphic Vision · Silicon Retina · Analogue VLSI (20th century)

Valentino Braitenberg— Synthetic Neuroscience · Vehicles · Behaviour (20th–21st century)

W. Ross Ashby— Cybernetics · Homeostat · Requisite Variety (20th century)

W. Grey Walter— Cybernetics · Turtle Robots · EEG · Brainwaves (20th century)

Henry Markram— Computational Neuroscience · Blue Brain · Cortical Columns (20th–21st century)

Gerald Edelman— Neural Darwinism · Consciousness · Selectionism (20th–21st century)

Michael Reimann— Topological Neuroscience · Cliques · Neural Homology (21st century)

Carina Curto— Neural Topology · Place Cells · Combinatorial Codes (21st century)

Yuri Dabaghian— Topological Neuroscience · Spatial Cognition · Homology (21st century)

Colin Blakemore— Visual Neuroscience · Critical Periods · Development (20th–21st century)

Michael Levin— Bioelectricity · Morphogenesis · Cognitive Science of Living Forms (20th–21st century)

Ruzena Bajcsy— Active Perception · Robotics · Sensorimotor Integration (20th–21st century)

Gunnar Johansson— Biological Motion · Point-Light Displays · Kinematic Geometry (20th century)

Nikolai Bernstein— Biomechanics · Degrees of Freedom · Motor Control (19th–20th century)

Rodney Brooks— Behaviour-Based Robotics · Subsumption · Embodied AI (20th–21st century)

Mandyam Srinivasan— Bee Vision · Optic Flow · Minimal Cognition (20th–21st century)

Clemens Bartnik— Affordance Theory · Visual Neuroscience · Action Spaces (20th–21st century)

Computing

Ada Lovelace— First Programmer · Analytical Engine (19th century)

Alan Turing— Computation · Mind · Algorithm (20th century)

Johny Srouji— Hardware · Silicon · Apple Neural Engine (20th–21st century)

Hero of Alexandria— Automata · Computing History · Engineering (1st century)

Edsger Dijkstra— Algorithms · Elegance · Proof (20th–21st century)

Donald Knuth— Programming · Analysis · Art (20th–21st century)

Terry Winograd— AI · Natural Language · HCI (20th–21st century)

Steve Wozniak— Hardware · Personal Computing · Engineering (20th–21st century)

Steve Jobs— Product · Design · Vision · Computing (20th–21st century)

Susan Kare— Icon Design · Visual Language · HCI (20th–21st century)

John Carmack— Graphics · Systems · AI · Speed (20th–21st century)

Chris Lattner— Compilers · Swift · LLVM (20th–21st century)

Stephen Wolfram— Computation · Cellular Automata · Science (20th–21st century)

Warren Weaver— Communication Theory · Information · AI (19th–20th century)

James Gibson— Vision · Affordances · Ecological Perception (20th century)

Andrew Zisserman— Computer Vision · Deep Learning (20th–21st century)

Norbert Wiener— Cybernetics · Control Systems · Feedback (19th–20th century)

Grace Hopper— Compilers · COBOL · Naval Computing (20th century)

Design

Christopher Alexander— Architecture · Patterns · Life (20th–21st century)

Jonathan Ive— Industrial Design · Simplicity (20th–21st century)

Dieter Rams— Product Design · Less but Better (20th–21st century)

Fumito Ueda— Game Design · Minimalism · Emotion (20th–21st century)

Earth Sciences

Jule Charney— Dynamic Meteorology · Numerical Prediction (20th century)

Vladimir Keilis-Borok— Seismology · Chaos · Earthquake Prediction (20th–21st century)

Edward Lorenz— Chaos Theory · Atmospheric Dynamics (20th–21st century)

James Lovelock— Gaia · Earth Systems · Climate (20th–21st century)

Carl-Gustaf Rossby— Atmospheric Waves · Fluid Dynamics (19th–20th century)

Gilbert Walker— Global Teleconnections · ENSO · Statistics (19th–20th century)

Zephyrus Climate Model— Climate · Complex Systems · Modelling (Non-historical)

Economics

John Maynard Keynes— Macroeconomics · Demand · Policy (19th–20th century)

Elinor Ostrom— Commons · Collective Action · Institutions (20th–21st century)

Amartya Sen— Development · Capability · Justice (20th–21st century)

Adam Smith— Political Economy · Markets · Moral Philosophy (18th century)

Milton Friedman— Monetarism · Chicago School · Free Markets (20th–21st century)

Ha-Joon Chang— Development Economics · Industrial Policy · Heterodox (20th–21st century)

Mariana Mazzucato— Mission Economy · Public Value · Innovation (20th–21st century)

Education

John Amos Comenius— Education · Early Childhood · Didactics (16th–17th century)

Lev Vygotsky— Learning · Zone of Proximal Development (19th–20th century)

John Dewey— Pragmatism · Experience · Democratic Education (19th–20th century)

Maria Montessori— Child Development · Self-Directed Learning (19th–20th century)

Paulo Freire— Critical Pedagogy · Liberation · Dialogue (20th century)

Paul Goodman— Anarchist Education · Community · Compulsory Miseducation (20th century)

Engineering

I.K. Brunel— Civil Engineering · Bridges · Railways (19th century)

Elon Musk— First Principles · Space · Electric · Scale (20th–21st century)

K. Eric Drexler— Nanotechnology · Molecular Machines · Futures (20th–21st century)

Donald Knuth— Algorithms · The Art of Computer Programming · Precision (20th–21st century)

Nikola Tesla— Electromagnetism · Energy · Invention (19th–20th century)

Steve Wozniak— Hardware · Elegant Engineering · Personal Computing (20th–21st century)

Buckminster Fuller— Systems Thinking · Geodesics · Ephemeralization (20th century)

Hero of Alexandria— Mechanics · Pneumatics · Automata · Steam (1st century)

Aerospace & Rocketry

Kelly Johnson— Aerospace · Skunk Works · Fast Prototyping (20th century)

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky— Rocketry · Space Theory · Cosmism (19th–20th century)

Wernher von Braun— Rocket Engineering · Saturn V · NASA (20th century)

Arthur C. Clarke— Astronautics · Science Fiction · Futures (20th century)

Mechanical & Industrial

James Watt— Steam Power · Industrial Revolution · Thermodynamics (18th century)

George Stephenson— Railways · Locomotives · Infrastructure (19th century)

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth— Motion Study · Industrial Efficiency · Human Factors (19th–20th century)

Fine Art

Vincent van Gogh— Art Theory · Post-Impressionism · Colour · Painting (19th century)

Game Design

Joseph Campbell— Mythology · The Hero\ (20th century)

Shigeru Miyamoto— Play · Worlds · Wonder (20th–21st century)

Will Wright— Simulation · Emergence · Systems (20th–21st century)

Hideo Kojima— Narrative · Auteur Design · Cinema (20th–21st century)

Sid Meier— Strategy · Meaningful Choice (20th–21st century)

Markus Persson— Indie Dev · Minecraft · Procedural (20th–21st century)

Jenova Chen— Emotional Games · Flow · Journey (20th–21st century)

Journalism

Robert I. Friedman— Investigative Journalism · Organised Crime · Human Rights (20th–21st century)

Seymour Hersh— Investigative Journalism · Military · Intelligence (20th–21st century)

I.F. Stone— Independent Journalism · Government Accountability · The Weekly (20th century)

Janet Malcolm— Literary Journalism · The Journalist-Subject Relationship · Ethics (20th–21st century)

George Orwell— Political Writing · The Essay · Language & Truth (20th century)

A.J. Liebling— Press Criticism · War Reporting · Boxing · Food (20th century)

Gay Talese— Literary Journalism · New Journalism · Observation (20th–21st century)

Brendan O\— Political Commentary · Free Speech · Anti-Censorship (20th–21st century)

Paul Staines (Guido Fawkes)— Political Blogging · Westminster · Investigative Gossip (20th–21st century)

Law

Horace R. Coke— Common Law · Advocacy · Criminal Defence (Non-historical)

Marcus Tullius Cicero— Roman Law · Rhetoric · Republic (2nd–1st century BC)

Thurgood Marshall— Civil Rights Law · Constitutional Law · NAACP (20th century)

Ruth Bader Ginsburg— Gender Equality · Dissent · Constitutional Law (20th–21st century)

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr— Common Law · Legal Realism · Dissent (19th–20th century)

Lord Denning— Equity · Common Law · Judicial Creativity (19th–20th century)

Clarence Darrow— Criminal Defence · Advocacy · Civil Liberties (19th–20th century)

Nelson Mandela— Law · Liberation · Constitutional Transition (20th–21st century)

Oliver Marshall— Legal Theory · Jurisprudence · Advocacy (Composite · 20th century)

Linguistics

Pāṇini— Sanskrit Grammar · Computational Linguistics (c. 4th century BC)

Mark Aranoff— Morphology · Word Formation · Linguistics (20th–21st century)

L.L. Zamenhof— Constructed Languages · Esperanto (19th–20th century)

Elendil ion Elenion— Constructed Language · Phonology · Script Design (Eternal)

Noam Chomsky— Generative Grammar · Universal Language · Cognition (20th–21st century)

Ferdinand de Saussure— Structural Linguistics · Sign · Semiology (19th–20th century)

Literature

The Commerce of Literature

The Literary Agent— Manuscript Assessment · Pitch · Submission · Rights · Career (Composite)

The Editor— Structural Editing · Line Editing · Developmental Feedback (Composite)

The Publisher— Acquisition · Production · Distribution · The Business of Books (Composite)

The Critic— Literary Criticism · Review · Close Reading · Canon (Composite)

The Author as Professional— Writing Practice · Career · The Business of Books (Composite)

Classic & Contemporary

Reva Virginia George— Literature · Criticism · Consciousness · Narrative (Non-historical)

Harlan Coben— Thriller · Suburbia · Hidden Lives · Plot (20th–21st century)

George Eliot— Victorian Novel · Sympathy · Moral Psychology (19th century)

Charlotte Brontë— Victorian Gothic · Passion · Interior Life (19th century)

Captain Marryat— Naval Fiction · Adventure · 19th-Century Prose (18th–19th century)

Vladimir Nabokov— Literary Fiction · Style · Memory · Chess (19th–20th century)

Peter Ackroyd— Historical Fiction · London · Biography · Palimpsest (20th–21st century)

Clarice Lispector— Brazilian Modernism · Interior Life · Epiphany (20th century)

Joseph Heller— Satire · War · Bureaucratic Absurdity · Dark Comedy (20th century)

Kurt Vonnegut— Satire · Humanism · Dark Comedy · Anti-War (20th–21st century)

Edward Lear— Nonsense Literature · Poetry · Natural History (19th century)

B. Traven— Anarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · Adventure (19th–20th century)

The Beowulf Poet— Old English Epic · Heroic Poetry · Anglo-Saxon (c. 8th–11th century)

Geoffrey Chaucer— Middle English · Canterbury Tales · Narrative Poetry (14th century)

Christopher Marlowe— Tragedy · Renaissance Drama · Blank Verse · Overreaching (16th century)

William Shakespeare— Drama · Poetry · Human Nature · Theatre (16th–17th century)

Ben Jonson— Comedy of Humours · Satire · Jacobean Drama (16th–17th century)

Beaumont & Fletcher— Tragicomedy · Jacobean Theatre · Collaborative Drama (16th–17th century)

Molière— Comedy · Satire · Human Folly · French Theatre (17th century)

J.B. Priestley— Social Drama · Time Plays · English Conscience (19th–20th century)

Speculative & Experimental

Isaac Asimov— Science Fiction · Physics · Popularisation (20th century)

Arthur C. Clarke— Science Fiction · Futures · Wonder (20th–21st century)

Ursula K. Le Guin— Science Fiction · Anarchism · Feminism · Worldbuilding (20th–21st century)

Leigh Brackett— Planetary Romance · Film Noir · Science Fiction (20th century)

Ted Chiang— Hard Science Fiction · Cognition · Language · Ethics (20th–21st century)

Jorge Luis Borges— Magical Realism · Labyrinths · Infinite Libraries (19th–20th century)

Italo Calvino— Experimental Fiction · Postmodern · Lightness (20th century)

Stephen R. Donaldson— Epic Fantasy · Moral Complexity · Unbelief (20th–21st century)

Terry Pratchett— Satirical Fantasy · Discworld · Moral Comedy (20th–21st century)

Douglas Adams— Science Fiction · Absurdism · Comedy (20th–21st century)

Dr. Seuss— Children\ (20th century)

Fritz Leiber— Sword & Sorcery · Dark Fantasy · Urban Horror (20th century)

Anne McCaffrey— Science Fantasy · Dragonriders · Worldbuilding (20th–21st century)

George R.R. Martin— Epic Fantasy · POV · Worldbuilding · Moral Ambiguity (20th–21st century)

M. John Harrison— New Weird · Anti-Fantasy · Viriconium · Unease (20th–21st century)

Mathematics

Algebra & Category Theory

Arthur Cayley— Group Theory · Matrices · Permutations (19th century)

Évariste Galois— Group Theory · Symmetry · Field Extensions (19th century)

Alexander Grothendieck— Algebraic Geometry · Schemes · Topos Theory (20th–21st century)

Saunders Mac Lane— Category Theory · Functors · Structures (20th–21st century)

Emmy Noether— Abstract Algebra · Symmetry · Invariants (19th–20th century)

Jean-Pierre Serre— Algebraic Topology · Cohomology · Arithmetic (20th–21st century)

Analysis

Stefan Banach— Functional Analysis · Normed Spaces (19th–20th century)

Augustin-Louis Cauchy— Real Analysis · Complex Analysis · Rigour (18th–19th century)

Joseph Fourier— Heat · Series · Harmonic Analysis (18th–19th century)

Henri Lebesgue— Measure Theory · Integration (19th–20th century)

Laurent Schwartz— Distribution Theory · Functional Analysis (20th–21st century)

Sergei Sobolev— Sobolev Spaces · PDEs · Functional Analysis (20th century)

Karl Weierstrass— Real Analysis · Continuity · Approximation (19th century)

Applied & Computational

Archimedes— Mechanics · Geometry · Computation (3rd century BC)

Douglas Hofstadter— Mind · Self-Reference · Consciousness (20th–21st century)

Joseph-Louis Lagrange— Mechanics · Optimisation · Number Theory (18th–19th century)

Claude Shannon— Information Theory · Entropy · Coding (20th–21st century)

John von Neumann— Game Theory · Architecture · Physics (20th century)

J.D. Williams— Game Theory · Strategy · Pedagogy (20th century)

Foundations & Logic

Georg Cantor— Set Theory · Infinity · Cardinality (19th–20th century)

Charles Dodgson— Logic · Narrative · Paradox (19th century)

Kurt Gödel— Logic · Incompleteness · Formal Systems (20th century)

David Hilbert— Formal Systems · Foundations · Programme (19th–20th century)

Bertrand Russell— Logic · Foundations · Paradox (19th–20th century)

Geometry & Topology

M.C. Escher— Topology · Visual Mathematics · Impossible (19th–20th century)

Euclid— Geometry · Formal Proof (3rd century BC)

Heinz Hopf— Algebraic Topology · Fibre Bundles · Homotopy (19th–20th century)

Felix Klein— Topology · Group Theory · Erlangen (19th–20th century)

August Möbius— Topology · Non-orientable Surfaces (18th–19th century)

Henri Poincaré— Topology · Chaos · Intuition (19th–20th century)

Bernhard Riemann— Differential Geometry · Zeta Function (19th century)

René Thom— Catastrophe Theory · Morphogenesis · Topology (20th–21st century)

Gunnar Carlsson— Topological Data Analysis · Persistent Homology (20th–21st century)

Robert Ghrist— Applied Topology · Sheaves · Sensor Networks (20th–21st century)

Number Theory

Paul Erdős— Combinatorics · Number Theory · Collaboration (20th century)

Leonhard Euler— Number Theory · Analysis · Graph Theory (18th century)

Pierre de Fermat— Number Theory · Probability · Optics (17th century)

Carl Friedrich Gauss— Number Theory · Statistics · Physics (18th–19th century)

Srinivasa Ramanujan— Number Theory · Infinite Series · Partitions (19th–20th century)

Statistics & Probability

George Box— Design of Experiments · Time Series · Quality (20th–21st century)

F.N. David— Combinatorics · History of Statistics (20th century)

Ronald Fisher— Experimental Design · Inference · Genetics (19th–20th century)

Andrey Kolmogorov— Probability Theory · Complexity · Turbulence (20th century)

Jerzy Neyman— Hypothesis Testing · Confidence Intervals (19th–20th century)

Karl Pearson— Correlation · Biometrics · Statistical Method (19th–20th century)

Medicine

Hippocrates of Cos— Clinical Observation · Prognosis · Medical Ethics (5th–4th century BC)

Aulus Cornelius Celsus— De Medicina · Inflammation · Roman Surgery (1st century AD)

Dioscorides— De Materia Medica · Pharmacology · Medical Botany (1st century AD)

Galen of Pergamon— Anatomy · Galenic Physiology · Humoral Medicine (2nd–3rd century AD)

Al-Razi (Rhazes)— Islamic Medicine · Smallpox · Clinical Empiricism (9th–10th century)

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)— Canon of Medicine · Contagion · Medical Synthesis (10th–11th century)

Andreas Vesalius— De Humani Corporis Fabrica · Anatomy · Renaissance Medicine (16th century)

Ambroise Paré— Surgery · Wound Treatment · Battlefield Medicine (16th century)

William Harvey— Circulation · Experimental Physiology · Quantification (16th–17th century)

Thomas Sydenham— Clinical Observation · Nosology · The English Hippocrates (17th century)

Giovanni Battista Morgagni— Pathological Anatomy · Clinicopathological Correlation (17th–18th century)

Ignaz Semmelweis— Antisepsis · Puerperal Fever · Evidence vs Authority (19th century)

John Snow— Epidemiology · Cholera · The Natural Experiment (19th century)

Florence Nightingale— Statistics · Sanitation · The Preventable Death (19th–20th century)

Rudolf Virchow— Cellular Pathology · Omnis Cellula · Social Medicine (19th–20th century)

Louis Pasteur— Germ Theory · Vaccination · Fermentation (19th century)

Joseph Lister— Antiseptic Surgery · Carbolic Acid · Wound Infection (19th–20th century)

Robert Koch— Bacteriology · Koch\ (19th–20th century)

William Osler— Clinical Medicine · Bedside Teaching · Medical Education (19th–20th century)

Oliver Sacks— Neurology · The Clinical Narrative · Identity (20th–21st century)

Atul Gawande— Surgery · Checklists · Systems Thinking · Public Health (20th–21st century)

Music

J.S. Bach— Counterpoint · Structure · Beauty (17th–18th century)

Mythology

Sumerian Pantheon

Inanna— Love · War · Descent · Sovereignty · The First Goddess · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Enki— Wisdom · Water · Craft · Civilisation · The Trickster God · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Enlil— Wind · Storms · Kingship · Fate · Lord of the Air · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Ninhursag— Earth · Birth · Healing · The Mother of Gods · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Ereshkigal— Underworld · Death · Grief · The Great Below · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Utu— Sun · Justice · Truth · The Witness of All Things · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Nanna— Moon · Time · Cattle · The Measurer of Days · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Egyptian Pantheon

Maat— Truth · Justice · Cosmic Order · All Epochs · Eternal (Eternal)

Thoth— Writing · Wisdom · Moon · Magic · Old Kingdom · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Anubis— Death · Judgement · Embalming · Passage · Old Kingdom · Eternal (3rd millennium BC)

Osiris— Resurrection · Kingship · Underworld · Grain · Middle Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Ra— Sun · Creation · Sovereignty · Solar Cycle · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Set— Chaos · Desert · Storm · Transformation · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Isis— Magic · Healing · Motherhood · Resurrection · New Kingdom · Eternal (2nd millennium BC)

Norse Pantheon

Odin— Wisdom · Sacrifice · War · Poetry · The Long Game · Eternal (1st millennium)

Freyja— Love · War · Magic · Sovereignty · The Chosen Dead · Eternal (1st millennium)

Thor— Thunder · Protection · Strength · The Common People · Eternal (1st millennium)

Tyr— Justice · Law · Honour · Sacrifice · Single Combat · Eternal (1st millennium)

Loki— Trickery · Shape-shifting · Chaos · Consequences · Eternal (1st millennium)

Freyr— Fertility · Abundance · Sunlight · Peace · Sacrifice · Eternal (1st millennium)

Greek Pantheon

Zeus— Sky · Sovereignty · Law · Xenia · The Thunderbolt · Eternal (Eternal)

Hera— Marriage · Sovereignty · The Sacred Bond · Queenship · Eternal (Eternal)

Athena— Wisdom · Strategy · Craft · Civilisation · The Owl\ (Eternal)

Apollo— Light · Music · Prophecy · Healing · Truth · The Examined Distance · Eternal (Eternal)

Artemis— The Hunt · Wilderness · The Moon · Transition · Self-Possession · Eternal (Eternal)

Hermes— Messengers · Boundaries · Trade · Theft · Language · The Dead · Eternal (Eternal)

Dionysus— Wine · Theatre · Ecstasy · Dissolution · Twice-Born · The Stranger · Eternal (Eternal)

Archetypes

The Hero— Archetype · Quest · Transformation · Threshold · Eternal (Eternal)

The Great Mother— Archetype · Nurture · Destruction · Cycles of Life · Eternal (Eternal)

The Sage— Archetype · Wisdom · Discernment · The Long View · Eternal (Eternal)

The Trickster— Archetype · Disruption · Boundary-Breaking · Play · Eternal (Eternal)

The Shadow— Archetype · The Unconscious · Integration · Dark Self · Eternal (Eternal)

The Self— Archetype · Individuation · Wholeness · Centre · Eternal (Eternal)

The Dragon— Archetype · Fire · Ancient Hoarding · Riddle · Eternal (Eternal)

Polynesian Pantheon

Māui— Trickster · Culture Hero · Demigod · Fished Up the North Island · Eternal (Eternal)

Tangaroa— God of the Sea · Ocean as Origin · The Great Highway · Eternal (Eternal)

Tāne— Forests · Birds · Light · Separated Earth and Sky · Creation · Eternal (Eternal)

Hina— Moon · Women\ (Eternal)

Pele— Volcanoes · Fire · New Land · She IS Kīlauea · Creation · Eternal (Eternal)

Tūmatauenga— War · Humanity · Standing Firm · Ancestor of All People · Eternal (Eternal)

Rongo— Cultivation · Peace · Kūmara · The Arts · Balance with War · Eternal (Eternal)

Philosophy

Immanuel Kant— Ethics · Epistemology · Reason (18th–19th century)

Epicurus— Pleasure · Ataraxia · Friendship · Materialism (4th–3rd century BC)

Ludwig Wittgenstein— Language · Logic · Forms of Life (19th–20th century)

Simone de Beauvoir— Existentialism · Feminism · Ethics of Ambiguity (20th century)

Robert Nozick— Libertarian Philosophy · Rights · Minimal State (20th–21st century)

Logic

Aristotle— Syllogistic Logic · Rhetoric · Metaphysics (4th century BC)

Gottlob Frege— Predicate Logic · Foundations · Philosophy of Language (19th–20th century)

Alfred Tarski— Formal Semantics · Truth · Model Theory (20th century)

Saul Kripke— Modal Logic · Possible Worlds · Naming & Necessity (20th–21st century)

Sherlock Holmes— Deductive Reasoning · Detection · Method (Non-historical)

Dr. Watson— Logic · Deduction · General Troubleshooting (Non-historical)

Physics

Niels Bohr— Quantum Mechanics · Atomic Structure · Philosophy (19th–20th century)

K. Eric Drexler— Nanotechnology · Molecular Machines · Futures (20th–21st century)

Enrico Fermi— Nuclear Physics · Estimation · Experiment (20th century)

Richard Feynman— Quantum Electrodynamics · Paths · Teaching (20th century)

Stephen Hawking— Cosmology · Black Holes · Radiation (20th–21st century)

Werner Heisenberg— Quantum Mechanics · Uncertainty · Matrix (20th century)

James Clerk Maxwell— Electromagnetism · Field Theory · Light (19th century)

Wolfgang Pauli— Quantum Mechanics · Exclusion · Structure (19th–20th century)

Albert Einstein— Relativity · Quantum Theory · Thought Experiments (19th–20th century)

Nikola Tesla— Electromagnetism · Energy · Invention (19th–20th century)

Paul Dirac— Quantum Mechanics · Antimatter · Mathematical Beauty (20th century)

Ludwig Boltzmann— Statistical Mechanics · Entropy · Thermodynamics (19th–20th century)

Politics

Nelson Mandela— Liberation · Reconciliation · Democratic Transition (20th–21st century)

Martin Luther King Jr— Civil Rights · Nonviolent Resistance · Moral Leadership (20th century)

Mohandas Gandhi— Nonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil Resistance (19th–20th century)

Donald Trump— Populism · Deal-Making · America First (20th–21st century)

Parihaka Climate Voices— Nonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · Climate (19th century)

Dwight D. Eisenhower— Presidential Leadership · Military-Industrial Complex · Cold War (19th–20th century)

Anarchism & Radical Theory

Max Stirner— Egoism · The Unique One · Critique of Ideology (19th century)

Paul Goodman— Anarchist Education · Community · Compulsory Miseducation (20th century)

Raoul Vaneigem— Situationism · Revolution of Everyday Life · Joy (20th–21st century)

John Zerzan— Anarcho-Primitivism · Critique of Technology · Rewilding (20th–21st century)

Hakim Bey— Temporary Autonomous Zones · Poetic Terrorism · Ontological Anarchism (20th–21st century)

Fredy Perlman— Against Civilisation · Leviathan · Anarchist History (20th century)

Wolfi Landstreicher— Egoist Anarchism · Individualism · Anti-Morality (20th–21st century)

Feral Faun— Anarcho-Primitivism · Wild Subjectivity · Anti-Civilisation (20th–21st century)

Sir Einzige— Stirnerite Egoism · Unique One · Post-Left Anarchy (20th–21st century)

Aragorn!— Green Anarchism · Anti-Civilisation · North American Anarchism (20th–21st century)

Alexei Borovoy— Russian Individualist Anarchism · Mystical Anarchism · Ego (19th–20th century)

Bob Black— Anarchism · Anti-Work · Play (20th–21st century)

B. Traven— Anarchist Fiction · Labour · Mystery · Adventure (19th–20th century)

Psychology

Barbara Allen— Student Services & Counsellor (Non-historical)

Wilhelm Wundt— Experimental Psychology · Introspection · Apperception (19th–20th century)

William James— Pragmatism · Stream of Consciousness · Varieties of Religious Experience (19th–20th century)

Sigmund Freud— Psychoanalysis · The Unconscious · Repression · Dream Interpretation (19th–20th century)

Alfred Adler— Individual Psychology · Inferiority · Social Interest · Encouragement (19th–20th century)

Carl Gustav Jung— Analytical Psychology · Archetypes · Individuation (19th–20th century)

Melanie Klein— Object Relations · Inner World · Depressive Position · Play Technique (19th–20th century)

D.W. Winnicott— Good-Enough · Holding Environment · True Self · Potential Space (19th–20th century)

B.F. Skinner— Behaviourism · Operant Conditioning · Schedules of Reinforcement (20th century)

Ivan Pavlov— Classical Conditioning · Conditioned Reflex · Experimental Neurosis (19th–20th century)

Konrad Lorenz— Ethology · Imprinting · Fixed Action Patterns · Animal Behaviour (20th–21st century)

George Miller— Cognitive Psychology · Memory · Attention (20th–21st century)

Lev Vygotsky— Developmental Psychology · Zone of Proximal Development · Learning (19th–20th century)

Abraham Maslow— Hierarchy of Needs · Self-Actualisation · Peak Experiences · Humanistic Psychology (20th century)

Carl Rogers— Person-Centred Therapy · Unconditional Positive Regard · Actualising Tendency (20th century)

Jean Piaget— Cognitive Development · Constructivism · Four Stages (19th–20th century)

John Bowlby— Attachment Theory · Secure Base · Internal Working Models (20th century)

Viktor Frankl— Logotherapy · Will to Meaning · Man\ (20th century)

Joseph Wolpe— Systematic Desensitisation · Reciprocal Inhibition · Exposure Therapy (20th century)

John B. Watson— Behaviourism · The Behaviourist Manifesto · Environmental Determinism (19th–20th century)

Mary Ainsworth— Strange Situation · Attachment Patterns · Sensitivity Hypothesis (20th century)

Sports

Football

Johan Cruyff— Total Football · Coaching · Space · Vision (20th century)

Arrigo Sacchi— Pressing · Zonal Marking · Tactical Revolution (20th century)

Strategy, Conflict & Power

Sun Tzu— Strategy · Deception · Winning Without Fighting (c. 5th century BC)

Carl von Clausewitz— War · Politics · Friction (18th–19th century)

John Boyd— OODA Loop · Maneuver Warfare · Adaptation (20th century)

George Marshall— Grand Strategy · Coalition Building · Institutions (19th–20th century)

Võ Nguyên Giáp— People\ (20th–21st century)

Leslie Groves— Project Management · Manhattan Project · Secrecy (19th–20th century)

Mohandas Gandhi— Nonviolence · Satyagraha · Civil Resistance (19th–20th century)

Thomas Schelling— Game Theory · Deterrence · Commitment (20th–21st century)

Dwight D. Eisenhower— Supreme Command · Cold War Strategy · Industrial Complex (19th–20th century)

Parihaka Climate Voices— Nonviolent Resistance · Indigenous Strategy · Climate (19th century)

Sophie Swetchine— Salon Strategy · Soft Power · Influence Without Force (18th–19th century)

Theology & Patristics

Irenaeus of Lyons— Patristics · Against Heresies · Recapitulation · Goodness of Creation (2nd–3rd century)

Tertullian— Latin Theology · Trinitas · Apologetics · Athens vs Jerusalem (2nd–3rd century)

Clement of Alexandria— Alexandrian Theology · Philosophy as Preparation · The True Gnostic (2nd–3rd century)

Origen of Alexandria— Biblical Exegesis · Three Senses of Scripture · Apokatastasis (2nd–3rd century)

Athanasius of Alexandria— Nicene Orthodoxy · Theosis · Contra Mundum (3rd–4th century)

Ambrose of Milan— Church vs Empire · Pastoral Leadership · Latin Liturgy (4th century)

Basil of Caesarea— Cappadocian Theology · Monastic Rule · Practical Charity (4th century)

Gregory of Nazianzus— The Theologian · Five Orations · Poetry · The Contemplative Life (4th century)

Gregory of Nyssa— Epektasis · Apophatic Theology · Infinite Progress toward God (4th century)

Jerome— The Vulgate · Biblical Scholarship · Hebraica Veritas (4th–5th century)

John Chrysostom— Preaching · Poverty & Wealth · The Golden-Mouthed (4th–5th century)

Pseudo-Dionysius— Apophatic Mysticism · Celestial Hierarchy · The Divine Darkness (c. 5th–6th century)

Augustine of Hippo— Theology · Confession · Grace · The Restless Heart (4th–5th century)

Gregory the Great— Pastoral Rule · Servant of Servants · Mission to England (6th–7th century)

John of Damascus— Systematic Theology · Icon Defence · The Last Father (7th–8th century)

Ignatius of Antioch— Patristics · Martyrdom · Church Unity · Epistles (1st–2nd century)

Lactantius— Apologetics · Divine Institutes · Rhetoric · Providence (3rd–4th century)

Thomas Aquinas— Scholastic Theology · Natural Law · Summa · Prudence (13th century)

The Haham— Sephardic Theology · Halakha · Kuzari · Spinoza Controversy (17th century)

The Rebbe— Chassidut · Kabbalah · Jewish Leadership · Teshuvah (20th century)

The Common Room

Barbara Allen— Student Services & Counsellor (Non-historical)

Peter— Teenage football fanatic (Non-historical)

Groucho Marx— Comedy · Insults · Wordplay · Cigars (20th century)

Gerard Hoffnung— Cartoons · Music · Absurdity · Tuba (20th century)

Spike Milligan— Humour · The Goon Show (20th century)

Sherlock Holmes— Deductive Reasoning · Detection · Method (Non-historical)

Dr. Watson— Logic · Deduction · General Troubleshooting (Non-historical)