Universitas Scholarium — A Community of Scholars Log In

← Dutch

Dutch
Lesson 50
50 of 50 lessons

Lesson 50

###

Lesson 50 Dutch: A Latinum Institute Modern Language Course

“than” → dan - The Comparative Marker

◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ⁵⁰ ◊ᵈᵃⁿ

Introduction

Welcome to Lesson 50 of the Dutch course from the Latinum Institute. This lesson focuses on the English conjunction “than” and its Dutch counterpart dan.

What does “than” mean in Dutch?

After a comparative adjective or adverb, Dutch uses dan: hij is groter dan ik, dit boek is beter dan dat. The construction is straightforward, and English speakers make few errors with it.

The interest of this lesson lies elsewhere — in the distinction between comparison of inequality and comparison of equality. Where two things differ, Dutch uses dan. Where they match, Dutch uses als: zij is even oud als ik, hij is net zo groot als zijn broer. Confusing the two is the mistake to avoid, and it is the mirror of a native error described below.

Dan is also a homograph. It is the ordinary adverb meaning “then”, met already in the conditional clauses of Lesson 44 — als je wilt, kom dan mee. The two uses coexist without confusion because their positions differ, but a learner should expect to meet both on the same page, and sometimes in the same sentence.

Course Index:

https://latinum.substack.com/p/index

Key Takeaways: -

Comparative + dan for inequality: groter dan, beter dan -

Even... als or net zo... als for equality: even oud als -

Comparatives form with ‑er: mooi → mooier, klein → kleiner -

Irregulars: goed/beter/best, veel/meer/meest, weinig/minder/minst, graag/liever/liefst -

Dan is also the adverb “then” -

Groter als is very widely heard but is not standard Dutch

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Pronunciation Guide

dan /dɑn/ - Short open /ɑ/, one syllable. Usually unstressed and easily reduced in rapid speech.

als /ɑls/ - The equality marker, with the dark ‘l’ of Lesson 39. Distinguished from dan only by its consonants, and both are unstressed, so listening practice matters.

beter /ˈbeː.tər/ - Comparative of goed. Long ‘ee’, stress on the first syllable.

liever /ˈli.vər/ - Comparative of graag, meaning “rather”. The ‘ie’ is /i/.

meer /meːr/ - Comparative of veel.

minder /ˈmɪn.dər/ - Comparative of weinig.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section A: Interlinear Construed Text

50.1 Hij (hɛi) he is (ɪs) is groter (ˈɣroː.tər) taller dan (dɑn) than ik (ɪk) I

50.2 Dit (dɪt) this boek (buk) book is (ɪs) is beter (ˈbeː.tər) better dan (dɑn) than dat (dɑt) that

50.3 Zij (zɛi) she loopt (loːpt) walks sneller (ˈsnɛ.lər) faster dan (dɑn) than haar (haːr) her broer (brur) brother

50.4 Het (ət) it is (ɪs) is kouder (ˈkʌu.dər) colder dan (dɑn) than gisteren (ˈɣɪs.tə.rən) yesterday

50.5 Ik (ɪk) I heb (hɛp) have meer (meːr) more tijd (tɛit) time dan (dɑn) than jij (jɛi) you

50.6 Zij (zɛi) she is (ɪs) is even (ˈeː.vən) equally oud (ʌut) old als (ɑls) as ik (ɪk) I

50.7 Niets (nits) nothing is (ɪs) is mooier (ˈmoːi.ər) more-beautiful dan (dɑn) than de (də) the zee (zeː) sea

50.8 Liever (ˈli.vər) rather thee (teː) tea dan (dɑn) than koffie (ˈkɔ.fi) coffee

50.9 Hij (hɛi) he weet (ʋeːt) knows meer (meːr) more dan (dɑn) than hij (hɛi) he zegt (zɛxt) says

50.10 Deze (ˈdeː.zə) this weg (ʋɛx) road is (ɪs) is korter (ˈkɔr.tər) shorter dan (dɑn) than die (di) that

50.11 Er (ər) there kwamen (ˈkʋaː.mən) came minder (ˈmɪn.dər) fewer mensen (ˈmɛn.sən) people dan (dɑn) than verwacht (vərˈʋɑxt) expected

50.12 Zij (zɛi) she ziet (zit) sees er (ər) there jonger (ˈjɔ.ŋər) younger uit (œyt) out dan (dɑn) than zij (zɛi) she is (ɪs) is

50.13 Niemand (ˈni.mɑnt) nobody anders (ˈɑn.dərs) other dan (dɑn) than hij (hɛi) he kan (kɑn) can het (ət) it

50.14 Ik (ɪk) I zou (zʌu) would liever (ˈli.vər) rather wachten (ˈʋɑx.tən) wait dan (dɑn) than nu (ny) now gaan (ɣaːn) go

50.15 Beter (ˈbeː.tər) better laat (laːt) late dan (dɑn) than nooit (noːit) never

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section B: Natural Sentences

50.1 Hij is groter dan ik. → “He is taller than I am.”

50.2 Dit boek is beter dan dat. → “This book is better than that one.”

50.3 Zij loopt sneller dan haar broer. → “She walks faster than her brother.”

50.4 Het is kouder dan gisteren. → “It's colder than yesterday.”

50.5 Ik heb meer tijd dan jij. → “I have more time than you.”

50.6 Zij is even oud als ik. → “She is the same age as me.”

50.7 Niets is mooier dan de zee. → “Nothing is more beautiful than the sea.”

50.8 Liever thee dan koffie. → “Tea rather than coffee.”

50.9 Hij weet meer dan hij zegt. → “He knows more than he says.”

50.10 Deze weg is korter dan die. → “This road is shorter than that one.”

50.11 Er kwamen minder mensen dan verwacht. → “Fewer people came than expected.”

50.12 Zij ziet er jonger uit dan zij is. → “She looks younger than she is.”

50.13 Niemand anders dan hij kan het. → “Nobody but he can do it.”

50.14 Ik zou liever wachten dan nu gaan. → “I would rather wait than go now.”

50.15 Beter laat dan nooit. → “Better late than never.”

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section C: Target Language Text Only

50.1 Hij is groter dan ik.

50.2 Dit boek is beter dan dat.

50.3 Zij loopt sneller dan haar broer.

50.4 Het is kouder dan gisteren.

50.5 Ik heb meer tijd dan jij.

50.6 Zij is even oud als ik.

50.7 Niets is mooier dan de zee.

50.8 Liever thee dan koffie.

50.9 Hij weet meer dan hij zegt.

50.10 Deze weg is korter dan die.

50.11 Er kwamen minder mensen dan verwacht.

50.12 Zij ziet er jonger uit dan zij is.

50.13 Niemand anders dan hij kan het.

50.14 Ik zou liever wachten dan nu gaan.

50.15 Beter laat dan nooit.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section D: Grammar Explanation

Grammar Rules for “than” in Dutch:

1. Forming the Comparative

Dutch adds ‑er to the adjective: -

klein → kleiner, groot → groter, mooi → mooier -

After a stem ending in ‑r, a ‑d‑ is inserted: duur → duurder, zwaar → zwaarder, ver → verder

The superlative adds ‑st: kleinst, grootst, mooist. Long or awkward adjectives take meest instead: meest interessant.

Irregular forms must be learned: -

goed → beter → best -

veel → meer → meest -

weinig → minder → minst -

graag → liever → liefst

The last is peculiar to Dutch and has no adjectival English equivalent. Graag means “gladly”, liever means “rather”, liefst means “most of all”: ik drink graag thee, ik drink liever thee dan koffie, ik drink het liefst water.

2. Dan for Inequality

After any comparative, dan introduces the standard of comparison: -

Hij is groter dan ik -

Er kwamen minder mensen dan verwacht

The pronoun following dan is nominative in careful Dutch — dan ik, dan hij, dan wij — because a verb is understood: groter dan ik (ben). Colloquially the object form is often heard, groter dan mij, exactly as English wavers between “than I” and “than me”.

3. Als for Equality

Where the two terms match, Dutch uses als, in two constructions: -

even + adjective + als: zij is even oud als ik -

net zo + adjective + als: hij is net zo groot als zijn broer

Also zo... als in the negative: niet zo groot als, “not as tall as”.

4. The Dan/Als Controversy

Among native speakers, groter als for groter dan is extremely common in speech across much of the Netherlands and Flanders. It has been condemned by grammarians since the seventeenth century and remains non-standard, so it is proscribed in writing and in examinations. A learner should recognise it when heard and not reproduce it.

The reverse error, using dan for equality — ✗ even oud dan ik — is a foreigner's mistake and is not heard from natives at all.

5. Dan as “Then”

Dan is also a common adverb of time and consequence: -

Als je wilt, kom dan mee (If you like, then come along) -

Dan neem ik de zwarte (Then I'll take the black one) -

Eerst dit, dan dat (First this, then that)

Position distinguishes the two. Comparative dan follows a comparative form and introduces a phrase; adverbial dan sits in the middle field or opens a main clause and is followed directly by the finite verb.

Common Mistakes to Avoid: -

Als for inequality: ✗ “groter als ik” → ✓ “groter dan ik” -

Dan for equality: ✗ “even oud dan ik” → ✓ “even oud als ik” -

Forgetting the inserted ‑d‑: ✗ “duurer” → ✓ “duurder” -

Using meer with a short adjective: ✗ “meer klein” → ✓ “kleiner” -

Treating liever as an adjective: it is the comparative of graag, an adverb

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section E: Cultural Context

A Four-Hundred-Year Argument:

The dan/als question is the most durable usage controversy in Dutch, and it has an unusual social profile. Unlike most shibboleths, groter als is not confined to one region or class; it is heard from educated speakers across the language area, and yet almost every speaker who uses it knows that it is disapproved of. Dutch schoolteachers have been correcting it for generations without noticeable effect. For the learner the practical position is simple: write dan, and do not be surprised by als.

Liever and Dutch Preference:

Liever is one of the most useful words in conversational Dutch, because it allows a preference to be stated without rejecting the alternative outright. Ik zou liever thee hebben is softer than a refusal of coffee, and the same construction serves for declining plans: ik blijf liever thuis. Given the directness noted in earlier lessons, liever is one of the few built-in softeners the language offers, alongside the conditional zou of Lesson 37.

Beter Laat Dan Nooit:

Dutch proverbs lean heavily on the comparative frame, and many are constructed as bare comparisons with the verb omitted: Beter laat dan nooit; Beter een goede buur dan een verre vriend (better a good neighbour than a distant friend); Beter hard geblazen dan de mond gebrand. The pattern beter X dan Y is instantly recognisable and still productive.

Regional Notes:

Belgian Dutch uses als for inequality at least as freely as the north, and Flemish speakers may also use dan in some equality constructions where northern usage would object. Neither practice is standard, and both are widespread.

Common Expressions with Dan: -

“Beter laat dan nooit” - Better late than never -

“Meer dan genoeg” - More than enough -

“Anders dan verwacht” - Other than expected -

“Liever vandaag dan morgen” - Sooner rather than later -

“Niets minder dan” - Nothing less than -

“Eerder vroeg dan laat” - Sooner early than late

Reminder: This lesson is designed for English speakers learning Dutch.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Section F: Literary Citation

From Joost van den Vondel, Uitvaart en Treurdicht van Henricus de Groote, Koning van Frankrijk en Navarre — the poet's elegy for Henri IV of France, assassinated in Paris in 1610. Vondel is the central figure of Dutch letters, and this is an early work, written while he was still a hosiery merchant in Amsterdam. Here he summons the rulers of the world to look at the spectacle of a king's fall.

Ziet, in dit tafereel, van uwe heerlijkheden Den wankelbaren stand; ziet, hoe eens Konings roem En blijdschap eer verwelkt dan een versierde bloem, Die 's morgens vrolijk bloost, en 's avonds ligt vertreden.

F-A: Interlinear Analysis

Ziet (zit) see in (ɪn) in dit (dɪt) this tafereel (ˌtaː.fəˈreːl) tableau van (vɑn) of uwe (ˈy.ʋə) your heerlijkheden (ˈheːr.lək.heː.dən) glories Den (dɛn) the wankelbaren (ˈʋɑŋ.kəl.baː.rən) unsteady stand (stɑnt) state ziet (zit) see hoe (hu) how eens (eːns) a Konings (ˈkoː.nɪŋs) king's roem (rum) fame En (ɛn) and blijdschap (ˈblɛit.sxɑp) gladness eer (eːr) sooner verwelkt (vərˈʋɛlkt) withers dan (dɑn) than een (ən) a versierde (vərˈsir.də) adorned bloem (blum) flower Die (di) which s morgens (ˈsmɔr.ɣəns) in-the-morning vrolijk (ˈvroː.lək) cheerfully bloost (bloːst) blushes en (ɛn) and s avonds (ˈsaː.vɔnts) in-the-evening ligt (lɪxt) lies vertreden (vərˈtreː.dən) trampled

F-B: Natural Text with Translation

Ziet, in dit tafereel, van uwe heerlijkheden Den wankelbaren stand; ziet, hoe eens Konings roem En blijdschap eer verwelkt dan een versierde bloem, Die 's morgens vrolijk bloost, en 's avonds ligt vertreden.

→ “See, in this tableau, the unsteady condition of your glories; see how a king's fame and gladness wither sooner than an adorned flower, which blushes cheerfully in the morning and lies trampled by evening.”

F-C: Original Dutch Text

Ziet, in dit tafereel, van uwe heerlijkheden Den wankelbaren stand; ziet, hoe eens Konings roem En blijdschap eer verwelkt dan een versierde bloem, Die 's morgens vrolijk bloost, en 's avonds ligt vertreden.

F-D: Grammar and Vocabulary Notes

The comparative here is eer... dan — “sooner than” — where eer is the older form of eerder, still the ordinary comparative of vroeg. The construction is exactly that of Section D: a comparative followed by dan and the standard of comparison, een versierde bloem.

Note that the comparison is doing real argumentative work. The king's fame withers not merely as fast as a flower but sooner, and the flower is versierde — adorned, cultivated, the most protected kind. The comparative frame carries the whole moral of the passage.

Ziet is the archaic plural imperative, addressed to the wereld-Goden summoned in the preceding lines. Modern Dutch would use kijk or ziet u. The verb is zien from Lesson 48, in its perceptual sense — Vondel is telling the rulers to take in a sight, not to inspect it.

Den wankelbaren stand shows the old accusative with its full adjectival ending ‑en, a case system abandoned in ordinary writing by 1946.

Eens Konings roem is a genitive: “a king's fame”, with the ‑s on both article and noun. This is the construction met in Lesson 46 in des ridderschaps.

The closing line contains 's morgens and 's avonds, the fossilised genitives of Lesson 45, set against each other to compress an entire day into half a line.

F-E: Literary Commentary

Vondel would go on to write the tragedies on which Dutch literature was founded, but the machinery is already here: the direct address to the great, the tableau offered as spectacle, and the flower that measures the distance between morning and evening. The comparative is the hinge. Had he written that royal fame withers like a flower, the line would be a commonplace; writing that it withers sooner than a flower turns the commonplace into an accusation. Henri IV was stabbed in his carriage in a Paris street, and the poem's whole force lies in insisting that the reader look at how quickly it happened.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Genre Section: Conversational Dialogue - Welke fiets?

Part A: Interlinear Construed Text

50.16 Welke (ˈʋɛl.kə) which fiets (fits) bicycle is (ɪs) is beter (ˈbeː.tər) better deze (ˈdeː.zə) this of (ɔf) or die (di) that

50.17 Deze (ˈdeː.zə) this is (ɪs) is lichter (ˈlɪx.tər) lighter dan (dɑn) than die (di) that andere (ˈɑn.də.rə) other

50.18 Maar (maːr) but hij (hɛi) it is (ɪs) is ook (oːk) also duurder (ˈdyːr.dər) more-expensive denk (dɛŋk) think ik (ɪk) I

50.19 Ja (jaː) yes tachtig (ˈtɑx.təx) eighty euro (ˈøː.roː) euro meer (meːr) more dan (dɑn) than de (də) the zwarte (ˈzʋɑr.tə) black-one

50.20 Is (ɪs) is hij (hɛi) it dan (dɑn) then ook (oːk) also sneller (ˈsnɛ.lər) faster

50.21 Sneller (ˈsnɛ.lər) faster niet (nit) not maar (maːr) but wel (ʋɛl) indeed makkelijker (ˈmɑ.kə.lə.kər) easier

50.22 Mijn (mɛin) my oude (ˈʌu.də) old fiets (fits) bicycle was (ʋɑs) was zwaarder (ˈzʋaːr.dər) heavier dan (dɑn) than deze (ˈdeː.zə) these twee (tʋeː) two samen (ˈsaː.mən) together

50.23 Dat (dɑt) that geloof (ɣəˈloːf) believe ik (ɪk) I graag (ɣraːx) gladly

50.24 Wat (ʋɑt) what rijdt (rɛit) rides prettiger (ˈprɛ.tə.ɣər) more-pleasantly dan (dɑn) than een (ən) a lichte (ˈlɪx.tə) light fiets (fits) bicycle

50.25 Toch (tɔx) yet is (ɪs) is de (də) the zwarte (ˈzʋɑr.tə) black-one sterker (ˈstɛr.kər) stronger dan (dɑn) than de (də) the grijze (ˈɣrɛi.zə) grey-one

50.26 Voor (voːr) for de (də) the stad (stɑt) city is (ɪs) is sterk (stɛrk) strong belangrijker (bəˈlɑŋ.rɛi.kər) more-important dan (dɑn) than licht (lɪxt) light

50.27 Dan (dɑn) then neem (neːm) take ik (ɪk) I liever (ˈli.vər) rather de (də) the zwarte (ˈzʋɑr.tə) black-one

50.28 Een (ən) a goede (ˈɣu.də) good keus (køːs) choice en (ɛn) and goedkoper (ɣutˈkoː.pər) cheaper ook (oːk) also

50.29 Kan (kɑn) can ik (ɪk) I hem (hɛm) it meteen (məˈteːn) immediately meenemen (ˈmeː.neː.mən) take-along

50.30 Zeker (ˈzeː.kər) certainly dat (dɑt) that gaat (ɣaːt) goes sneller (ˈsnɛ.lər) faster dan (dɑn) than bestellen (bəˈstɛ.lən) ordering

Part B: Natural Sentences

50.16 Welke fiets is beter, deze of die? → “Which bicycle is better, this one or that one?”

50.17 Deze is lichter dan die andere. → “This one is lighter than that other one.”

50.18 Maar hij is ook duurder, denk ik. → “But it's also more expensive, I think.”

50.19 Ja, tachtig euro meer dan de zwarte. → “Yes, eighty euros more than the black one.”

50.20 Is hij dan ook sneller? → “Is it faster, then?”

50.21 Sneller niet, maar wel makkelijker. → “Not faster, but easier.”

50.22 Mijn oude fiets was zwaarder dan deze twee samen. → “My old bike was heavier than these two together.”

50.23 Dat geloof ik graag. → “I can well believe it.”

50.24 Wat rijdt prettiger dan een lichte fiets? → “What rides more pleasantly than a light bicycle?”

50.25 Toch is de zwarte sterker dan de grijze. → “All the same, the black one is stronger than the grey.”

50.26 Voor de stad is sterk belangrijker dan licht. → “For the city, strong matters more than light.”

50.27 Dan neem ik liever de zwarte. → “Then I'd rather take the black one.”

50.28 Een goede keus, en goedkoper ook. → “A good choice, and cheaper too.”

50.29 Kan ik hem meteen meenemen? → “Can I take it with me right away?”

50.30 Zeker, dat gaat sneller dan bestellen. → “Certainly, that's quicker than ordering.”

Part C: Target Language Only

50.16 Welke fiets is beter, deze of die?

50.17 Deze is lichter dan die andere.

50.18 Maar hij is ook duurder, denk ik.

50.19 Ja, tachtig euro meer dan de zwarte.

50.20 Is hij dan ook sneller?

50.21 Sneller niet, maar wel makkelijker.

50.22 Mijn oude fiets was zwaarder dan deze twee samen.

50.23 Dat geloof ik graag.

50.24 Wat rijdt prettiger dan een lichte fiets?

50.25 Toch is de zwarte sterker dan de grijze.

50.26 Voor de stad is sterk belangrijker dan licht.

50.27 Dan neem ik liever de zwarte.

50.28 Een goede keus, en goedkoper ook.

50.29 Kan ik hem meteen meenemen?

50.30 Zeker, dat gaat sneller dan bestellen.

Part D: Grammar Notes for Genre Section

The dialogue is built almost entirely on comparatives, so the construction repeats under varying conditions:

Regular Comparatives: lichter, sneller, sterker, zwaarder, prettiger, belangrijker, goedkoper. Note duurder in 50.18, where the inserted ‑d‑ appears because duur ends in ‑r — the rule from Section D.

Both Senses of Dan in One Dialogue: 50.20 and 50.27 use dan as the adverb “then”, while the remaining sentences use it as the comparative marker. In 50.20, dan follows the verb and subject in the middle field; in 50.27 it opens the clause and is followed directly by neem. Neither could be mistaken for a comparison, because no comparative precedes.

Liever: 50.27 gives the comparative of graag in its ordinary conversational use, expressing preference without rejecting the alternative. Compare 50.23, where the positive graag appears in the idiom dat geloof ik graag.

Adjectives as Nouns: de zwarte, de grijze, die andere. Dutch turns adjectives into nouns simply by adding the inflectional ‑e and letting an article carry the reference. English must supply “one”.

Comparison of Bare Adjectives: 50.26, sterk belangrijker dan licht, compares two qualities rather than two objects. The adjectives here are uninflected because they are functioning as abstract nouns.

Recycled Structures: 50.29 uses meenemen from Lesson 47; 50.16 uses of in its “or” sense, contrasting with the “whether” sense of Lesson 44; 50.25 opens with toch, forcing inversion.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

Pronunciation and Orthography Notes

Key Sounds in This Lesson:

Dan /dɑn/ against als /ɑls/: Both unstressed, both short, and both carrying the entire logic of a comparison. Since neither is emphasised in speech, distinguishing them by ear takes practice, and the surrounding comparative form is often the more reliable clue.

The comparative ‑er and the schwa: mooier /ˈmoːi.ər/, sneller /ˈsnɛ.lər/, duurder /ˈdyːr.dər/. The ending is always a schwa plus /r/ and is never stressed, so a comparative keeps the stress pattern of its base adjective.

The inserted ‑d‑: duur → duurder, zwaar → zwaarder, ver → verder. Without it the two ‘r’ sounds would collide. The same insertion appears in the superlative only when the adjective is already long: verst, not ✗ verdst.

Adjectives ending in ‑s and ‑sch: The old spelling ‑sch, met in earlier lessons, is simply /s/, and its comparative was formed regularly. Modern Dutch writes fris, frisser.

Seventeenth-Century Spelling: Vondel writes Den wankelbaren stand with full case endings, uwe for uw, and vrolijk with the older vowel. The text here follows a nineteenth-century edited edition; Vondel's own printings used ck, ae and other conventions long abandoned.

Audio Practice Suggestion: Dutch advertising and consumer programmes run on comparatives — goedkoper, sneller, beter — and provide constant examples. Listen for how often speakers say als where the written standard requires dan, and note that the meaning is never in doubt.

✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾ ✾ ❦ ✾ ❦ ✾

◊ᴺᵉˣᵃˡ ◊ᴸᵃᵗⁱⁿᵘᵐ ◊ᴰᵘᵗᶜʰ ◊ᴸᵉˢˢᵒⁿ⁵⁰ ◊ᵈᵃⁿ ◊ᶜᵒᵐᵖˡᵉᵗᵉ

---

← Lesson 49 ↩ Course Index