What does "to have" mean in Marathi?
Marathi has no verb "to have." Where English says "I have a book," Marathi says, in effect, "with me there is a book": माझ्याकडे पुस्तक आहे (mājhyākaḍe pustak āhe). The owner does not act as the subject. The thing owned is the subject, and the verb is आहे (āhe), "is," which you already know from earlier lessons.
Marathi uses two main patterns, and the choice depends on what is "had":
- Things you own or carry: possessor + कडे (-kaḍe), "with, at the side of." माझ्याकडे गाडी आहे (mājhyākaḍe gāḍī āhe), "I have a car." The postposition जवळ (-javaḷ), "near," is also used in this way: माझ्याजवळ पैसे आहेत (mājhyājavaḷ paise āhet), "I have money (on me)." - Relatives, and things that happen to you: possessor + ला (-lā), the dative, "to." मला दोन भाऊ आहेत (malā don bhāū āhet), "I have two brothers." The same pattern is used for work, exams, a holiday and a fever: मला आज खूप काम आहे (malā āj khūp kām āhe), "I have a lot of work today."
Because the thing owned is the subject, the verb agrees with the thing owned and not with the owner. With one thing it is आहे (āhe); with more than one it is आहेत (āhet). "I have a sister" is मला बहीण आहे; "I have two sisters" is मला दोन बहिणी आहेत. In the past, the verb also shows the gender of the thing owned: गाडी होती (gāḍī hotī), "(someone) had a car," because गाडी is feminine; पैसे होते (paise hote), "(someone) had money," because पैसे is masculine plural.
On the origin of the word: कडे (-kaḍe) is related to the noun कड (kaḍ), "side, edge." माझ्याकडे is literally "at my side." The same word also means "towards" (त्याच्याकडे बघ, tyācyākaḍe bagh, "look towards him") and "at someone's home" (आजीकडे, ājīkaḍe, "at grandmother's"). All three meanings come from the idea of "at the side of."
A note on the script. Before कडे, a pronoun takes its oblique (joining) form, and this form ends in ्या (-yā): मी (mī) "I" becomes माझ्या- (mājhyā-), तो (to) "he" becomes त्याच्या- (tyācyā-). The half-letter before य is written with the virama (्), so झ + ्य gives झ्या. The postposition is written joined to the word: माझ्याकडे, not माझ्या कडे.
- Marathi has no verb "to have": it says "with me there is …" - Things: possessor + कडे (-kaḍe) + thing + आहे: माझ्याकडे पुस्तक आहे, "I have a book" - Relatives, work, illness, events: possessor + ला (-lā): मला बहीण आहे, "I have a sister" - The verb agrees with the thing owned: आहे (one), आहेत (more than one) - Negative: नाही / नाहीत; past: होता / होती / होते / होत्या; future: असेल / असतील - कडे also means "towards" and "at someone's place" - Stress: MAA-jhyaa-ka-de, AA-he, AA-het
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11.1a माझ्याकडे with-me पुस्तक book आहे is
11.1b mājhyākaḍe (MAA-jhyaa-ka-de) me-OBL-with.POSS pustak (PUS-tak) book-N.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.2a तुझ्याकडे with-you पेन pen आहे is का Q
11.2b tujhyākaḍe (TU-jhyaa-ka-de) you-SG.OBL-with.POSS pen (PEN) pen-N.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG kā (KAA) Q-PARTICLE
11.3a मला to-me बहीण sister आहे is
11.3b malā (MA-laa) me-DAT bahīṇ (BA-heen) sister-F.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.4a त्याच्याकडे with-him गाडी car नाही is-not
11.4b tyācyākaḍe (TYAA-chyaa-ka-de) him-OBL-with.POSS gāḍī (GAA-dee) car-F.SG nāhī (NAA-hee) is-not-3SG.NEG
11.5a आमच्याकडे with-us वेळ time आहे is
11.5b āmacyākaḍe (AAM-chyaa-ka-de) us-EXCL.OBL-with.POSS veḷ (VEL) time-SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.6a तिच्याकडे with-her दोन two कुत्रे dogs आहेत are
11.6b ticyākaḍe (TI-chyaa-ka-de) her-OBL-with.POSS don (DON) two kutre (KUT-re) dog-M.PL āhet (AA-het) are-3PL
11.7a रमेशला to-Ramesh दोन two मुले children आहेत are
11.7b rameślā (ra-MESH-laa) Ramesh-DAT don (DON) two mule (MU-le) child-N.PL āhet (AA-het) are-3PL
11.8a आजीकडे with-grandmother खूप many जुनी old पुस्तके books आहेत are
11.8b ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-with.POSS khūp (KHOOP) many junī (JU-nee) old-N.PL pustake (PUS-ta-ke) book-N.PL āhet (AA-het) are-3PL
11.9a काल yesterday माझ्याकडे with-me पैसे money नव्हते were-not
11.9b kāl (KAAL) yesterday mājhyākaḍe (MAA-jhyaa-ka-de) me-OBL-with.POSS paise (PAI-se) money-M.PL navhate (NAV-ha-te) were-not-M.PL.PAST.NEG
11.10a तुमच्याकडे with-you या this खोलीची of-room किल्ली key आहे is का Q
11.10b tumacyākaḍe (TUM-chyaa-ka-de) you-PL/POLITE.OBL-with.POSS yā (YAA) this-OBL kholīcī (KHO-lee-chee) room-GEN.F.SG killī (KIL-lee) key-F.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG kā (KAA) Q-PARTICLE
11.11a मला to-me आज today खूप much काम work आहे is
11.11b malā (MA-laa) me-DAT āj (AAJ) today khūp (KHOOP) much kām (KAAM) work-N.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.12a लहानपणी in-childhood आमच्याकडे with-us एक one पांढरी white गाय cow होती was
11.12b lahānapaṇī (la-HAAN-pa-nee) childhood-LOC āmacyākaḍe (AAM-chyaa-ka-de) us-EXCL.OBL-with.POSS ek (EK) one pāṃḍharī (PAANDH-ree) white-F.SG gāy (GAAY) cow-F.SG hotī (HO-tee) was-F.SG.PAST
11.13a त्यांच्याकडे with-them गावात in-village मोठे big घर house आहे is पण but शहरात in-city छोटी small खोली room आहे is
11.13b tyāṃcyākaḍe (TYAAN-chyaa-ka-de) them-OBL-with.POSS gāvāt (GAA-vaat) village-LOC moṭhe (MO-the) big-N.SG ghar (GHAR) house-N.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG paṇ (PAN) but śaharāt (sha-HA-raat) city-LOC choṭī (CHHO-tee) small-F.SG kholī (KHO-lee) room-F.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.14a मुलांना to-children उद्या tomorrow शाळेत at-school परीक्षा exam आहे is
11.14b mulāṃnā (mu-LAAN-naa) child-PL.DAT udyā (UD-yaa) tomorrow śāḷet (SHAA-let) school-LOC parīkṣā (pa-REEK-shaa) exam-F.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.15a पुढच्या next वर्षी in-year माझ्याकडे with-me स्वतःची own सायकल bicycle असेल will-be
11.15b puḍhacyā (PUDH-chyaa) next-OBL varṣī (VAR-shee) year-LOC mājhyākaḍe (MAA-jhyaa-ka-de) me-OBL-with.POSS svataḥcī (SVA-tah-chee) own-F.SG sāyakal (SAA-ya-kal) bicycle-F.SG asel (A-sel) will-be-3SG.FUT
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11.1 माझ्याकडे पुस्तक आहे. — mājhyākaḍe pustak āhe. — "I have a book."
11.2 तुझ्याकडे पेन आहे का? — tujhyākaḍe pen āhe kā? — "Do you have a pen?"
11.3 मला बहीण आहे. — malā bahīṇ āhe. — "I have a sister."
11.4 त्याच्याकडे गाडी नाही. — tyācyākaḍe gāḍī nāhī. — "He doesn't have a car."
11.5 आमच्याकडे वेळ आहे. — āmacyākaḍe veḷ āhe. — "We have time."
11.6 तिच्याकडे दोन कुत्रे आहेत. — ticyākaḍe don kutre āhet. — "She has two dogs."
11.7 रमेशला दोन मुले आहेत. — rameślā don mule āhet. — "Ramesh has two children."
11.8 आजीकडे खूप जुनी पुस्तके आहेत. — ājīkaḍe khūp junī pustake āhet. — "Grandmother has a lot of old books."
11.9 काल माझ्याकडे पैसे नव्हते. — kāl mājhyākaḍe paise navhate. — "Yesterday I didn't have any money."
11.10 तुमच्याकडे या खोलीची किल्ली आहे का? — tumacyākaḍe yā kholīcī killī āhe kā? — "Do you have the key to this room?"
11.11 मला आज खूप काम आहे. — malā āj khūp kām āhe. — "I have a lot of work today."
11.12 लहानपणी आमच्याकडे एक पांढरी गाय होती. — lahānapaṇī āmacyākaḍe ek pāṃḍharī gāy hotī. — "When I was a child, we had a white cow."
11.13 त्यांच्याकडे गावात मोठे घर आहे, पण शहरात छोटी खोली आहे. — tyāṃcyākaḍe gāvāt moṭhe ghar āhe, paṇ śaharāt choṭī kholī āhe. — "They have a big house in the village, but only a small room in the city."
11.14 मुलांना उद्या शाळेत परीक्षा आहे. — mulāṃnā udyā śāḷet parīkṣā āhe. — "The children have an exam at school tomorrow."
11.15 पुढच्या वर्षी माझ्याकडे स्वतःची सायकल असेल. — puḍhacyā varṣī mājhyākaḍe svataḥcī sāyakal asel. — "Next year I will have a bicycle of my own."
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11.1 माझ्याकडे पुस्तक आहे.
11.2 तुझ्याकडे पेन आहे का?
11.3 मला बहीण आहे.
11.4 त्याच्याकडे गाडी नाही.
11.5 आमच्याकडे वेळ आहे.
11.6 तिच्याकडे दोन कुत्रे आहेत.
11.7 रमेशला दोन मुले आहेत.
11.8 आजीकडे खूप जुनी पुस्तके आहेत.
11.9 काल माझ्याकडे पैसे नव्हते.
11.10 तुमच्याकडे या खोलीची किल्ली आहे का?
11.11 मला आज खूप काम आहे.
11.12 लहानपणी आमच्याकडे एक पांढरी गाय होती.
11.13 त्यांच्याकडे गावात मोठे घर आहे, पण शहरात छोटी खोली आहे.
11.14 मुलांना उद्या शाळेत परीक्षा आहे.
11.15 पुढच्या वर्षी माझ्याकडे स्वतःची सायकल असेल.
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Rule 1. The pattern. Marathi says who has something with a postposition, and uses the verb "to be":
- possessor-OBLIQUE + कडे + thing + आहे/आहेत (things owned or carried) - possessor-DATIVE (ला) + thing + आहे/आहेत (relatives, work, events, illness)
The thing owned is the grammatical subject. There is no word for "have."
Rule 2. The pronouns with कडे. Each pronoun takes its oblique form in -च्या / -झ्या, and कडे is written joined to it:
- मी → माझ्याकडे (mājhyākaḍe), "I have" - तू → तुझ्याकडे (tujhyākaḍe), "you (familiar) have" - तो → त्याच्याकडे (tyācyākaḍe), "he has" - ती → तिच्याकडे (ticyākaḍe), "she has" - आम्ही → आमच्याकडे (āmacyākaḍe), "we have" (not including the listener) - आपण → आपल्याकडे (āpalyākaḍe), "we have" (including the listener) - तुम्ही → तुमच्याकडे (tumacyākaḍe), "you (plural or polite) have" - ते / त्या → त्यांच्याकडे (tyāṃcyākaḍe), "they have"
A noun takes its own oblique form before कडे: आजी → आजीकडे (ājīkaḍe), सीता → सीतेकडे (sītekaḍe), रमेश → रमेशकडे (rameśkaḍe).
Rule 3. The pronouns with ला. The dative forms are मला (malā), तुला (tulā), त्याला (tyālā), तिला (tilā), आम्हाला (āmhālā), आपल्याला (āpalyālā), तुम्हाला (tumhālā) and त्यांना (tyāṃnā). A plural noun takes -ना: मुलांना (mulāṃnā), "to the children" (11.14).
Rule 4. Agreement. The verb agrees with the thing owned.
- Present: आहे (āhe) for one thing; आहेत (āhet) for more than one. मला एक भाऊ आहे; मला दोन भाऊ आहेत. - Present negative: नाही (nāhī) for one thing; नाहीत (nāhīt) for more than one. - Past, which also shows gender: - होता (hotā), masculine singular - होती (hotī), feminine singular - होते (hote), neuter singular - होते (hote), masculine plural - होत्या (hotyā), feminine plural - होती (hotī), neuter plural - Past negative: नव्हता (navhatā), नव्हती (navhatī), नव्हते (navhate), नव्हत्या (navhatyā), with the same endings. - Future: असेल (asel) for one thing; असतील (asatīl) for more than one. Negative: नसेल (nasel), नसतील (nasatīl). - Habitual ("usually has"): असतो (asato), masculine; असते (asate), feminine or neuter; असतात (asatāt), plural. The second a is written in the romanization but not pronounced: AS-to, AS-te, AS-taat.
So in 11.12, होती is feminine because गाय ("cow") is feminine. In 11.9, नव्हते is masculine plural because पैसे ("money") is masculine plural.
Rule 5. The adjective agrees too. An adjective describing the thing owned agrees with it: जुनी पुस्तके ("old books," neuter plural, 11.8); पांढरी गाय ("white cow," feminine, 11.12); मोठे घर ("big house," neuter, 11.13); स्वतःची सायकल ("own bicycle," feminine, 11.15).
Rule 6. Questions. Add का (kā) at the end, with a rising voice: तुझ्याकडे पेन आहे का? (11.2).
Rule 7. English "have" as a helping verb. English also uses "have" to form tenses ("she has come") and to express necessity ("I have to go"). Marathi does not use कडे for either:
- "Has come": the verb plus आहे. ती आली आहे (tī ālī āhe), "she has come" (see 11.19). - "Have to": the dative plus the verb. मला जायचे आहे (malā jāyace āhe), "I have to go / I am to go"; मला जावे लागेल (malā jāve lāgel), "I will have to go."
- Making the owner the subject. मी पुस्तक आहे (mī pustak āhe) does not mean "I have a book." It means "I am a book." Say माझ्याकडे पुस्तक आहे. - Making the verb agree with the owner. मला दोन भाऊ आहे ✗. The brothers are the subject, so the verb is plural: मला दोन भाऊ आहेत ✓. - Writing कडे apart. माझ्या कडे ✗; माझ्याकडे ✓. - Using कडे for relatives. माझ्याकडे बहीण आहे sounds as if your sister were a possession you carry about, or were staying with you. Say मला बहीण आहे. - Forgetting gender in the past. "I had a car" is माझ्याकडे गाडी होती (feminine), not होता.
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माझ्याकडे … आहे is used all the time, in every register, from the market to the office. Everyday speech shortens it. You will hear माझ्याकडं (mājhyākaḍaṃ) for माझ्याकडे, and कुणाकडं पेन आहे का? (kuṇākaḍaṃ pen āhe kā?), "Has anyone got a pen?" The spelling with -े is the standard written form. जवळ (javaḷ) is a little more old-fashioned, and it also keeps its literal sense of "near," so माझ्याजवळ पैसे आहेत suggests "I have money on me, to hand."
Because कडे means "at the side of," आमच्याकडे (āmacyākaḍe) also means "at our house, in our family, where we come from." आमच्याकडे जेवायला या (āmacyākaḍe jevāyalā yā) is an invitation: "come and eat at our place." A Marathi speaker describing a custom will often begin आमच्याकडे असं करतात (āmacyākaḍe asaṃ karatāt), "at our place, this is how it is done." In 11.19 below, आजीकडे आली आहे means "has come to grandmother's," not "has come to grandmother's possession."
- त्याच्याकडे बघ (tyācyākaḍe bagh), "look at him," literally "look towards him" - माझ्याकडे लक्ष दे (mājhyākaḍe lakṣa de), "pay attention to me" - घराकडे (gharākaḍe), "homewards, towards the house"
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The citation is an abhang (a devotional song) by Sant Tukaram (संत तुकाराम), the seventeenth-century poet-saint of the Varkari tradition. His songs are still sung on the pilgrimage to Pandharpur. In this abhang Tukaram says what he owns: not gold, but words. The text follows the Tukaram Gatha as given on Marathi Wikisource (abhang 3385 in that numbering) and on santsahitya.in (abhang 1627 in its arrangement), which agree word for word. Wikisource prints the older spellings आह्मां and ह्मणे; this lesson uses the modern spellings आम्हां and म्हणे, as santsahitya.in does. The final anusvara (ं) on words such as घरीं and रत्नें belongs to the old spelling and is not pronounced in modern Marathi.
F.1a आम्हां for-us घरीं at-home धन wealth शब्दाचीं of-word रत्नें jewels
F.1b āmhāṃ (AAM-haa) us-OBL/DAT gharīṃ (GHA-ree) home-LOC dhan (DHAN) wealth-N.SG śabdācīṃ (SHAB-daa-chee) word-GEN.N.PL ratneṃ (RAT-ne) jewel-N.PL
F.2a शब्दाचीं of-word शस्त्रें weapons यत्न effort करूं we-shall-make
F.2b śabdācīṃ (SHAB-daa-chee) word-GEN.N.PL śastreṃ (SHAS-tre) weapon-N.PL yatna (YAT-na) effort-M.SG karūṃ (KA-roo) make-1PL.SUBJ
F.3a शब्द word चि indeed आमुच्या of-our जीवाचें of-life जीवन life
F.3b śabd (SHABD) word-M.SG ci (CHI) indeed-EMPH āmucyā (AA-mu-chyaa) our-OBL jīvāceṃ (JEE-vaa-che) life-GEN.N.SG jīvan (JEE-van) life-N.SG
F.4a शब्दें with-words वांटूं we-shall-share धन wealth जनलोकां to-people
F.4b śabdeṃ (SHAB-de) word-INST vāṃṭūṃ (VAAN-too) share-1PL.SUBJ dhan (DHAN) wealth-N.SG janalokāṃ (JA-na-lo-kaa) people-DAT.PL
F.5a तुका Tuka म्हणे says पाहा see शब्द word चि indeed हा this देव God
F.5b tukā (TU-kaa) Tuka mhaṇe (MHA-ne) says-3SG pāhā (PAA-haa) see-IMP śabd (SHABD) word-M.SG ci (CHI) indeed-EMPH hā (HAA) this-M.SG dev (DEV) God-M.SG
F.6a शब्दें with-words चि indeed गौरव honour पूजा worship करूं we-shall-do
F.6b śabdeṃ (SHAB-de) word-INST ci (CHI) indeed-EMPH gaurav (GAU-rav) honour-M.SG pūjā (POO-jaa) worship-F.SG karūṃ (KA-roo) do-1PL.SUBJ
आम्हां घरीं धन शब्दाचीं रत्नें । शब्दाचीं शस्त्रें यत्न करूं ॥१॥ शब्द चि आमुच्या जीवाचें जीवन । शब्दें वांटूं धन जनलोकां ॥२॥ तुका म्हणे पाहा शब्द चि हा देव । शब्दें चि गौरव पूजा करूं ॥३॥
āmhāṃ gharīṃ dhan śabdācīṃ ratneṃ, śabdācīṃ śastreṃ yatna karūṃ. śabd ci āmucyā jīvāceṃ jīvan, śabdeṃ vāṃṭūṃ dhan janalokāṃ. tukā mhaṇe pāhā śabd ci hā dev, śabdeṃ ci gaurav pūjā karūṃ.
"In our house the wealth is jewels of words; with words for weapons we make our effort. Words alone are the life of our life; with words we share out wealth to the people. Tuka says: see, the word itself is God; with words alone we honour him and worship."
— Sant Tukaram, abhang (Tukaram Gatha; Wikisource no. 3385). Translation: Latinum Institute, kept close to the Marathi.
आम्हां घरीं धन शब्दाचीं रत्नें । शब्दाचीं शस्त्रें यत्न करूं ॥१॥ शब्द चि आमुच्या जीवाचें जीवन । शब्दें वांटूं धन जनलोकां ॥२॥ तुका म्हणे पाहा शब्द चि हा देव । शब्दें चि गौरव पूजा करूं ॥३॥
The first half-line, आम्हां घरीं धन, is possession in its barest form: "for-us, at-home, wealth." There is no verb "have," and here not even आहे. Old Marathi verse often leaves out "is," as English proverbs sometimes do ("No pain, no gain"). The idea is the one this lesson teaches: what you own is what is "at" you. Modern prose would say आमच्या घरी शब्दांचेच धन आहे, or simply आमच्याकडे शब्दांची रत्ने आहेत, "we have jewels of words."
Grammar notes:
- आम्हां (āmhāṃ). The old oblique of आम्ही, "we," here meaning "for us, ours." Modern Marathi uses आम्हाला ("to us") or आमच्या ("our"). - घरीं (gharīṃ). The locative of घर, "at home." It is still used: तो घरी आहे, "he is at home." Modern spelling drops the anusvara: घरी. - शब्दाचीं रत्नें (śabdācīṃ ratneṃ). "Jewels of words." The genitive -ची agrees with रत्नें, a neuter plural, just as स्वतःची agrees with सायकल in 11.15. Modern spelling: शब्दांची रत्ने. - चि (ci). The old form of the emphatic particle च (-c), "only, indeed." Modern Marathi joins it to the word: शब्दच, "the word itself." - करूं, वांटूं (karūṃ, vāṃṭūṃ). First person plural, "let us do, we shall share." The same form is still used: आपण जाऊ, "let's go." - शब्दें (śabdeṃ). The old instrumental, "by means of words." Modern Marathi says शब्दांनी.
Tukaram was born in Dehu, near Pune, early in the seventeenth century. He was a small trader who, the tradition says, lost his money and his family in a famine and turned to the god Vitthal of Pandharpur. The same tradition says that the Brahmins of his town made him sink his notebooks in the river Indrayani, because a man of his caste had no right to compose religious verse, and that the notebooks came back to the surface. This abhang can be read against that story. A man who had lost his goods says what he still has: words, as treasure, as weapons, as life and as God. The songs were written down and are still sung by the Varkari pilgrims, so the "wealth" has indeed been shared out "to the people," as the second verse says.
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11.16a सीतेच्या of-Sita आजीकडे with-grandmother कोकणात in-Konkan एक one जुने old घर house आहे is
11.16b sītecyā (SEE-te-chyaa) Sita-GEN.OBL ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-with.POSS kokaṇāt (KO-ka-naat) Konkan-LOC ek (EK) one june (JU-ne) old-N.SG ghar (GHAR) house-N.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.17a घराच्या of-house मागे behind आजीकडे with-grandmother आंब्याची of-mango दहा ten झाडे trees आहेत are
11.17b gharācyā (gha-RAA-chyaa) house-GEN.OBL māge (MAA-ge) behind ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-with.POSS āṃbyācī (AAM-byaa-chee) mango-GEN.N.PL dahā (DA-haa) ten jhāḍe (JHAA-de) tree-N.PL āhet (AA-het) are-3PL
11.18a आजीकडे with-grandmother एक one गाय cow आणि and दोन two शेळ्या goats आहेत are
11.18b ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-with.POSS ek (EK) one gāy (GAAY) cow-F.SG āṇi (AA-ni) and don (DON) two śeḷyā (SHEL-yaa) goat-F.PL āhet (AA-het) are-3PL
11.19a सीतेला to-Sita सुट्टी holiday आहे is म्हणून therefore ती she आजीकडे to-grandmother's आली came आहे is
11.19b sītelā (SEE-te-laa) Sita-DAT suṭṭī (SUT-tee) holiday-F.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG mhaṇūn (MHA-noon) therefore tī (TEE) she ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-at.PLACE ālī (AA-lee) came-F.SG.PERF āhe (AA-he) is-3SG.AUX
11.20a सीतेकडे with-Sita एक one नवीन new कॅमेरा camera आहे is
11.20b sītekaḍe (SEE-te-ka-de) Sita-OBL-with.POSS ek (EK) one navīn (na-VEEN) new kêmerā (KE-me-raa) camera-M.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.21a आजीकडे with-grandmother मोबाइल mobile नाही is-not पण but तिच्याकडे with-her खूप many गोष्टी stories आहेत are
11.21b ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-with.POSS mobāil (MO-baa-il) mobile-M.SG nāhī (NAA-hee) is-not-3SG.NEG paṇ (PAN) but ticyākaḍe (TI-chyaa-ka-de) her-OBL-with.POSS khūp (KHOOP) many goṣṭī (GOSH-tee) story-F.PL āhet (AA-het) are-3PL
11.22a संध्याकाळी in-evening आजीकडे with-grandmother गावातल्या of-village मुलांसाठी for-children खाऊ snacks असतो usually-is
11.22b saṃdhyākāḷī (SANDH-yaa-kaa-lee) evening-LOC ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-with.POSS gāvātalyā (GAA-vaat-lyaa) village-in-ADJ.OBL mulāṃsāṭhī (mu-LAAN-saa-thee) child-PL.OBL-for khāū (KHAA-oo) snack-M.SG asato (AS-to) is-HAB.M.SG
11.23a एक one दिवस day सीता Sita विचारते asks आजी grandmother तुला to-you भावंडे siblings होती were का Q
11.23b ek (EK) one divas (DI-vas) day-M.SG sītā (SEE-taa) Sita vicārate (vi-CHAAR-te) ask-PRES.3F.SG ājī (AA-jee) grandmother-VOC tulā (TU-laa) you-SG.DAT bhāvaṃḍe (BHAA-van-de) sibling-N.PL hotī (HO-tee) were-N.PL.PAST kā (KAA) Q-PARTICLE
11.24a आजी grandmother हसते laughs आणि and म्हणते says हो yes मला to-me तीन three भाऊ brothers होते were
11.24b ājī (AA-jee) grandmother hasate (HAS-te) laugh-PRES.3F.SG āṇi (AA-ni) and mhaṇate (MHAN-te) say-PRES.3F.SG ho (HO) yes malā (MA-laa) me-DAT tīn (TEEN) three bhāū (BHAA-oo) brother-M.PL hote (HO-te) were-M.PL.PAST
11.25a आमच्याकडे with-us तेव्हा then वीज electricity नव्हती was-not पण but आमच्याकडे with-us खूप many गाई cows होत्या were
11.25b āmacyākaḍe (AAM-chyaa-ka-de) us-EXCL.OBL-with.POSS tevhā (TEV-haa) then vīj (VEEJ) electricity-F.SG navhatī (NAV-ha-tee) was-not-F.SG.PAST.NEG paṇ (PAN) but āmacyākaḍe (AAM-chyaa-ka-de) us-EXCL.OBL-with.POSS khūp (KHOOP) many gāī (GAA-ee) cow-F.PL hotyā (HOT-yaa) were-F.PL.PAST
11.26a आज today तुझ्याकडे with-you कॅमेरा camera आहे is मोबाइल mobile आहे is सगळे everything आहे is
11.26b āj (AAJ) today tujhyākaḍe (TU-jhyaa-ka-de) you-SG.OBL-with.POSS kêmerā (KE-me-raa) camera-M.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG mobāil (MO-baa-il) mobile-M.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG sagaḷe (SAG-le) everything-N.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.27a पण but तुझ्याकडे with-you वेळ time आहे is का Q
11.27b paṇ (PAN) but tujhyākaḍe (TU-jhyaa-ka-de) you-SG.OBL-with.POSS veḷ (VEL) time-SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG kā (KAA) Q-PARTICLE
11.28a सीता Sita म्हणते says आजी grandmother आज today माझ्याकडे with-me फक्त only तुझ्यासाठी for-you वेळ time आहे is
11.28b sītā (SEE-taa) Sita mhaṇate (MHAN-te) say-PRES.3F.SG ājī (AA-jee) grandmother-VOC āj (AAJ) today mājhyākaḍe (MAA-jhyaa-ka-de) me-OBL-with.POSS phakta (PHAK-ta) only tujhyāsāṭhī (TU-jhyaa-saa-thee) you-SG.OBL-for veḷ (VEL) time-SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.29a त्या that रात्री at-night आजीकडे with-grandmother गोष्टी stories होत्या were आणि and सीतेकडे with-Sita प्रश्न questions होते were
11.29b tyā (TYAA) that-OBL rātrī (RAA-tree) night-LOC ājīkaḍe (AA-jee-ka-de) grandmother-OBL-with.POSS goṣṭī (GOSH-tee) story-F.PL hotyā (HOT-yaa) were-F.PL.PAST āṇi (AA-ni) and sītekaḍe (SEE-te-ka-de) Sita-OBL-with.POSS praśna (PRASH-na) question-M.PL hote (HO-te) were-M.PL.PAST
11.30a आता now सीतेकडे with-Sita आजीच्या of-grandmother गोष्टींची of-stories एक one वही notebook आहे is
11.30b ātā (AA-taa) now sītekaḍe (SEE-te-ka-de) Sita-OBL-with.POSS ājīcyā (AA-jee-chyaa) grandmother-GEN.OBL goṣṭīṃcī (GOSH-teen-chee) story-PL.GEN.F.SG ek (EK) one vahī (VA-hee) notebook-F.SG āhe (AA-he) is-3SG
11.16 सीतेच्या आजीकडे कोकणात एक जुने घर आहे. — sītecyā ājīkaḍe kokaṇāt ek june ghar āhe. — "Sita's grandmother has an old house in the Konkan."
11.17 घराच्या मागे आजीकडे आंब्याची दहा झाडे आहेत. — gharācyā māge ājīkaḍe āṃbyācī dahā jhāḍe āhet. — "Behind the house, Grandmother has ten mango trees."
11.18 आजीकडे एक गाय आणि दोन शेळ्या आहेत. — ājīkaḍe ek gāy āṇi don śeḷyā āhet. — "Grandmother has a cow and two goats."
11.19 सीतेला सुट्टी आहे, म्हणून ती आजीकडे आली आहे. — sītelā suṭṭī āhe, mhaṇūn tī ājīkaḍe ālī āhe. — "Sita has a holiday, so she has come to Grandmother's."
11.20 सीतेकडे एक नवीन कॅमेरा आहे. — sītekaḍe ek navīn kêmerā āhe. — "Sita has a new camera."
11.21 आजीकडे मोबाइल नाही, पण तिच्याकडे खूप गोष्टी आहेत. — ājīkaḍe mobāil nāhī, paṇ ticyākaḍe khūp goṣṭī āhet. — "Grandmother doesn't have a mobile phone, but she has a great many stories."
11.22 संध्याकाळी आजीकडे गावातल्या मुलांसाठी खाऊ असतो. — saṃdhyākāḷī ājīkaḍe gāvātalyā mulāṃsāṭhī khāū asato. — "In the evenings Grandmother always has something to eat for the village children."
11.23 एक दिवस सीता विचारते, "आजी, तुला भावंडे होती का?" — ek divas sītā vicārate, "ājī, tulā bhāvaṃḍe hotī kā?" — "One day Sita asks, 'Grandma, did you have brothers and sisters?'"
11.24 आजी हसते आणि म्हणते, "हो, मला तीन भाऊ होते." — ājī hasate āṇi mhaṇate, "ho, malā tīn bhāū hote." — "Grandmother laughs and says, 'Yes, I had three brothers.'"
11.25 "आमच्याकडे तेव्हा वीज नव्हती, पण आमच्याकडे खूप गाई होत्या." — "āmacyākaḍe tevhā vīj navhatī, paṇ āmacyākaḍe khūp gāī hotyā." — "'In those days we didn't have electricity, but we had a lot of cows.'"
11.26 "आज तुझ्याकडे कॅमेरा आहे, मोबाइल आहे, सगळे आहे." — "āj tujhyākaḍe kêmerā āhe, mobāil āhe, sagaḷe āhe." — "'Today you have a camera, a mobile, everything.'"
11.27 "पण तुझ्याकडे वेळ आहे का?" — "paṇ tujhyākaḍe veḷ āhe kā?" — "'But do you have time?'"
11.28 सीता म्हणते, "आजी, आज माझ्याकडे फक्त तुझ्यासाठी वेळ आहे." — sītā mhaṇate, "ājī, āj mājhyākaḍe phakta tujhyāsāṭhī veḷ āhe." — "Sita says, 'Grandma, today I have time only for you.'"
11.29 त्या रात्री आजीकडे गोष्टी होत्या आणि सीतेकडे प्रश्न होते. — tyā rātrī ājīkaḍe goṣṭī hotyā āṇi sītekaḍe praśna hote. — "That night Grandmother had stories and Sita had questions."
11.30 आता सीतेकडे आजीच्या गोष्टींची एक वही आहे. — ātā sītekaḍe ājīcyā goṣṭīṃcī ek vahī āhe. — "Now Sita has a notebook of Grandmother's stories."
11.16 सीतेच्या आजीकडे कोकणात एक जुने घर आहे.
11.17 घराच्या मागे आजीकडे आंब्याची दहा झाडे आहेत.
11.18 आजीकडे एक गाय आणि दोन शेळ्या आहेत.
11.19 सीतेला सुट्टी आहे, म्हणून ती आजीकडे आली आहे.
11.20 सीतेकडे एक नवीन कॅमेरा आहे.
11.21 आजीकडे मोबाइल नाही, पण तिच्याकडे खूप गोष्टी आहेत.
11.22 संध्याकाळी आजीकडे गावातल्या मुलांसाठी खाऊ असतो.
11.23 एक दिवस सीता विचारते, "आजी, तुला भावंडे होती का?"
11.24 आजी हसते आणि म्हणते, "हो, मला तीन भाऊ होते."
11.25 "आमच्याकडे तेव्हा वीज नव्हती, पण आमच्याकडे खूप गाई होत्या."
11.26 "आज तुझ्याकडे कॅमेरा आहे, मोबाइल आहे, सगळे आहे."
11.27 "पण तुझ्याकडे वेळ आहे का?"
11.28 सीता म्हणते, "आजी, आज माझ्याकडे फक्त तुझ्यासाठी वेळ आहे."
11.29 त्या रात्री आजीकडे गोष्टी होत्या आणि सीतेकडे प्रश्न होते.
11.30 आता सीतेकडे आजीच्या गोष्टींची एक वही आहे.
- Two meanings of आजीकडे. In 11.16–11.18, 11.21 and 11.29, आजीकडे means "Grandmother has." In 11.19, after the verb "come," it means "to Grandmother's place." The context and the verb decide. - कडे or ला. Things take कडे: घर, झाडे, कॅमेरा, गोष्टी. Relatives and events take ला: तुला भावंडे (11.23), मला तीन भाऊ (11.24), सीतेला सुट्टी (11.19). - Past agreement. Each past verb follows the thing owned: भावंडे होती (neuter plural), भाऊ होते (masculine plural), वीज नव्हती (feminine singular), गाई होत्या (feminine plural), प्रश्न होते (masculine plural). In 11.29 two different verbs stand side by side, one for each possessor's things. - The habitual असतो (11.22). Grandmother "always has" snacks in the evening: the habitual form of असणे, masculine because खाऊ is masculine. - The perfect with आहे (11.19). आली आहे, "has come": here आहे is the helping verb of the tense, as English "has" is, and has nothing to do with possession. - Two genitives in a row (11.30). आजीच्या गोष्टींची वही, "the notebook of Grandmother's stories": each genitive agrees with the noun it describes. आजीच्या describes गोष्टी, which is in its oblique form गोष्टीं- because -ची is joined to it, so आजीच्या is oblique too; गोष्टींची describes वही, which is feminine, so it ends in -ची. - Konkan. The Konkan is the coastal strip of Maharashtra, known for its mango orchards (11.17).
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- माझ्याकडे [maːd͡ʒʱjaːkəɖe]: MAA-jhyaa-ka-de. The झ is an aspirated j, "j" followed by a puff of breath. The ड is retroflex: the tip of the tongue curls back and touches the roof of the mouth. - आहे [aːɦe]: AA-he. The ह is voiced, a breathy "h," and the e is pure, as in French été, not the "ay" of English "day." - आहेत [aːɦet̪]: AA-het. The final त is dental, with the tongue against the back of the upper teeth.
- नाही [naːɦi], NAA-hee; नाहीत [naːɦit̪], NAA-heet - होता [ɦot̪aː], HO-taa; होती [ɦot̪i], HO-tee; होते [ɦot̪e], HO-te; होत्या [ɦot̪jaː], HOT-yaa - नव्हता [nəʋɦət̪aː], NAV-ha-taa. The व and ह are said together, as a breathy v. - असेल [əsel], A-sel - मला [məlaː], MA-laa. Short अ is [ə], the vowel of English "but"; long आ is [aː], as in "father."
- Dental and retroflex. त, द (dental: tongue on the teeth) against ट, ड (retroflex: tongue curled back). Compare तो (to), "he," with टोपी (ṭopī), "cap." - ळ (ḷ) [ɭ]. A retroflex l, as in वेळ (veḷ), शाळा (śāḷā), शेळ्या (śeḷyā). Curl the tongue back and say "l." - च and ज. Marathi has two pronunciations of each. Before i, e and y, and in words borrowed from Sanskrit, च is [t͡ʃ] ("ch") and ज is [d͡ʒ] ("j"): -च्या, -ची, तिच्याकडे. In many native words before a, ā, o and u, they are [t͡s] ("ts") and [d͡z] ("dz"): जुने is often [d͡zune]. The spelling does not show the difference. - Aspirates. ख (kh), घ (gh), छ (ch), झ (jh), ठ (ṭh), ढ (ḍh), ध (dh), फ (ph) and भ (bh) are said with a puff of breath: घर (ghar), "house"; भाऊ (bhāū), "brother." फ is [pʰ], not [f]. - The inherent vowel. A consonant with no vowel sign carries a short a, but at the end of a word it is usually silent: पुस्तक is pustak, not pustaka. After a cluster it is kept: प्रश्न (praśna), फक्त (phakta), यत्न (yatna). - Stress and intonation. Marathi stress is light and falls mostly on the first syllable, or on a long vowel. A yes-no question with का rises at the end: तुझ्याकडे पेन आहे का? ↗
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